¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³Ì¼àÀí¿ØÖÆ·À»¤´ëÊ©

£ÛÕªÒª£ÝÉî»ù¿ÓÔڸ߲㽨ÖþÖÐÊǼ«ÎªÖØÒªµÄ½¨É蹤³Ì£¬Äܹ»ÌáÉý½¨ÖþµØ»ùµÄ³ÐÔØÄÜÁ¦£¬±£Ö¤½¨Öþ¼Ü¹¹µÄÎȶ¨ÐÔ¡£ÒòΪÉî»ù¿ÓÏîÄ¿½¨É蹤³ÌÁ¿½Ï´ó£¬¶ÔÏîÄ¿½¨É谲ȫÔì³ÉÓ°ÏìµÄ¸÷ÖÖÒòËØÖڶ࣬Ϊ±£ÕϽ¨ÉèÖÊÁ¿£¬¹¤³Ì¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±ÒªÑϸñ¼à¹ÜÉî»ù¿ÓÏîÄ¿µÄÖÊÁ¿¡£±¾ÎÄÖ÷ÒªÆÊÎöÁËÉî»ù¿ÓÏîÄ¿½¨Éè¼¼Êõ£¬ÒÀ¾ÝÈç½ñÉî»ù¿ÓÏîÄ¿½¨ÉèµÄʵ¼ÊÇé¿ö¶ÔÏîÄ¿¼àÀíµÄ¿ØÖÆÎÊÌâºÍ·À»¤°ì·¨¼ÓÒÔÌÖÂÛ£¬Ï£ÍûÄܹ»¶ÔÌá¸ßÉî»ù¿ÓÏîÄ¿½¨ÉèÖÊÁ¿ÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄ°ïÖú¡£

£Û¹Ø¼ü´Ê£Ý¸ß²ã½¨Öþ£»Éî»ù¿Ó£»¹¤³Ì¼àÀí£»·À»¤´ëÊ©

½¨ÖþÐÐÒµÊÇÉç»á½¨ÉèºÍ¾­¼Ã·¢Õ¹µÄÖØÒª²úÒµÖ®Ò»£¬¼àÀíÔÚ½¨ÖþÐÐÒµÖÐÓÐ×Ų»¿ÉÌæ´úµÄ×÷Óᣵ±Ç°¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÒÑÈ»Êǽ¨ÖþÐÐÒµ·¢Õ¹µÄÒ»¸öÖØÒªÇ÷ÊÆ£¬¶ÔÓڸ߲㽨Öþ¶øÑÔ¸ù»ùµÄÖØÒªÐÔ²»ÑÔ¶øÓ÷¡£ÏëҪȷ±£¼àÀí¹¤×÷ÓÚ»ù´¡½¨ÉèÆڼ䷢»ÓÓ¦ÓеÄ×÷Ó㬱ØÐëÃ÷È·¼àÀí¹¤×÷µÄÖØÐĺÍÒªµã£¬´óÁ¦ÌáÉý¼à¹Ü¹¤×÷µÄÖÊÁ¿£¬¼àÀí¹¤×÷Âäʵµ½Î»£¬±ØÈ»Äܹ»´Ùʹ½¨ÖþÏîÄ¿µÄÖÊÁ¿ÌáÉý¡£

1¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÉî»ù¿ÓºÍÌØÕ÷

1.1¸ß²ã½¨ÖþµÄ¸ÅÄî

Ëæ×Å¿Æѧ¼¼ÊõµÄ½ø²½£¬ÎÒÃǹú¼ÒµÄ¸ß²ã½¨ÖþµÄ¹æÄ£ºÍÊýÁ¿Ô½À´Ô½¶à¡£Ã¿¸ö¹ú¼Ò¶ÔÓڸ߲㽨ÖþµÄ¶¨Òå²¢²»Ò»Ñù£¬¶ÔÓÚÖйúÀ´Ëµ£¬³¬¹ýÊ®²ã»òÕßÊǸßÓÚ24Ã׵Ľ¨Öþ¾ÍÈ϶¨Îª¸ß²ã½¨Öþ£¬´Óʵ¼ÊÇé¿öÀ´¿´£¬¸ß²ã½¨Öþº­¸ÇÁ˶àÖÖ¼¼Êõ£¬Æä¼à¹ÜÄѶÈÒ²¸´ÔÓ¶àÑù¡£

1.2¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÉî»ù¿ÓÌØÕ÷

£¨1£©½¨ÉèÄѶȸßÊǸ߲㽨ÖþÉî»ù¿ÓµÄ×î´óÌØÕ÷£¬ÓÉÓڸ߲㽨Öþ¼Ü¹¹¸´ÔÓ£¬»¹ÐèÒª¿¼Âǵ½¶à¸öϸ½Ú¡£¸ß²ã½¨Öþ×îΪ¹Ø¼üµÄÒ»µã¾ÍÊǸߣ¬Òò´Ë½¨ÉèÆڼ䲻ÄÜÓÐÒ»µãµãµÄÊèºö£¬Ò»¸öССµÄÊèºö¾Í»áÔì³É°²È«Òþ»¼£¬¶ÔÕû¸ö¸ß²ã½¨ÖþµÄÖÊÁ¿Ôì³É²»ÀûÓ°Ïì¡£¸ß²ã½¨ÖþµÄÐÎ̬ҲÊDz»¶ÏµÄ·¢Éú±ä»¯£¬ÕâҲʹµÃ¸ß²ã½¨Öþ½¨ÉèÄѶÈÔö¸ß¡£ÒòΪÈËÃǵݲȫÒâʶԽÀ´Ô½¸ß£¬ÈËÃǶÔÓÚ½¨ÖþµÄÎȶ¨ºÍ°²È«ÓÐÁ˸ü¸ßµÄÒªÇó¡£ËùÒÔ£¬½¨ÉèÄѶȸßÒÑÈ»ÊǸ߲㽨ÖþÖØÒªµÄÌØÕ÷Ö®Ò»¡££¨2£©ÏµÍ³¹¹³É¸´ÔÓ£¬Éæ¼°¼¼Êõ½Ï¶à¡£¸ß²ã½¨Öþ¼È¹Øϵµ½½¨ÉèÏîÄ¿£¬»¹¹Øϵµ½¸÷ÖÖÁìÓò¼¼Êõ¡£ÀýÈ磬µçÌÝÉý½µ£¬¸øÅÅË®ÏîÄ¿¡¢µçÆøÔËÓõȼ¼ÊõÏîÄ¿¡£¼ÈÒª½«¸÷¸öÏîĿѸËÙÍê³É£¬»¹ÐèÒª½«¼¼ÊõÏîÄ¿Óڹ涨µÄʱÏÞÄÚÍê³É£¬Õâ¶ÔÓÚ½¨ÉèÍŶӶøÑÔÊÇÒ»¸ö²»Ð¡µÄÌôÕ½¡££¨3£©Éî»ù¿ÓÏîÄ¿Ôì¼Û¸ß£¬Éæ¼°¼¼Êõ¶àÇÒ¸´ÔÓ¡£Éî»ù¿ÓÏîÄ¿Ôì¼Û¸ß£¬ÇÒÏîÄ¿¶àΪÁÙʱÏîÄ¿£¬¼¼Êõ½ÏΪ¸´ÔÓ£¬¼«Ò׳öÏÖ°²È«Òþ»¼¡£¶øÉî»ù¿ÓÏîÄ¿ÈçÈô·¢Éú×´¿ö£¬»áʹµÃ¾­¼ÃËðʧ½Ï´ó¡££¨4£©Éî»ù¿ÓÏîÄ¿ÖÜÆÚ³¤¡£ÒòΪÉî»ù¿ÓÏîÄ¿ÖÜÆÚ³¤£¬ËùÒÔ£¬½¨ÉèÆÚ¼ä¿ÉÄÜÓöµ½±©Óê¡¢µØÕð¡¢ÄàʯÁ÷µÈ×´¿ö£¬Ê¹µÃÉî»ù¿ÓÏîÄ¿½¨ÉèÄѶÈÔö´ó£¬ÇÒÔö¼ÓÁË°²È«Òþ»¼¡£

2¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÉî»ù¿ÓÏîÄ¿¼àÀí¿ØÖÆÒªµã

¶Ô¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÉî»ù¿ÓÏîÄ¿¶øÑÔ£¬¼àÀí¿ØÖÆÒªµã¿É´ÓÈçÏÂÁ½·½ÃæÈëÊÖÆÊÎö¡£

2.1¿ªÍÚ½¨Éè

Éî»ù¿ÓµÄ¿ªÍÚÔÚÏîÄ¿ÖÐÕ¼¾ÝÖØҪλÖã¬Ò²ÊǼàÀí¹¤×÷µÄÖصãÖ®Ò»£¬ÏîÄ¿ÖÊÁ¿µÄºÃ»µÖ±½ÓÓ°Ïìµ½ºóÃæÏîÄ¿ÊÇ·ñ¿ÉÒÔ˳³©¿ªÕ¹¡£ËùÒÔ£¬¿ªÍÚÏîÄ¿½¨ÉèÇ°£¬½¨ÉèÆóÒµÒª¼Ó´ó¼àÀí¹¤×÷Á¦¶È£¬¶Ô½¨ÉèÏÖ³¡×öÈ«·½Î»µÄ¹ÜÀí£¬È·±£¿ÉÒÔ¶Ô½¨ÉèÉî¶È¡¢¼¼ÊõµÈ·½ÃæµÄ°Ñ¿Ø£¬È·±£¿ªÍÚÏîÄ¿Äܹ»ÓÐÐò½øÐС£¼àÀíÈËÔ±ÒªÔÚ¿ªÍÚÆÚ¼ä×öÏÖ³¡¼à¹Ü¹¤×÷£¬È·±£Éî¶ÈÂú×㽨ÉèÏîÄ¿µÄÐèÇó£¬ÇÒ»ý¼«ÔËÓø÷»úÆ÷ÉèÊ©£¬Ìá¸ßÏîÄ¿½¨ÉèËٶȣ¬´ÙʹÏîÄ¿¸üΪ¸ßЧµØÍê³É¡£

2.2ÅÅË®½¨Éè

Éî»ù¿ÓÏîÄ¿½¨ÉèÆڼ䣬»¹Éæ¼°²»ÉÙ¸´ÔÓÏîÄ¿µÄ½¨É蹤×÷£¬ÕâЩÏîÄ¿¶ÔÉî»ù¿ÓµÄÖÊÁ¿ÓÐ×ÅÖØÒªÓ°Ï죬³ý¿ªÍÚÏîÄ¿Í⣬»¹ÓÐһЩÏîÄ¿Ò²ÊÇÉî»ù¿ÓÏîÄ¿µÄÖØÐÄ£¬ÐèÒª´ó¼ÒÌá¸ßÖØÊӳ̶ȣ¬ÈçÅÅË®ÏîÄ¿¡£ËùÒÔ£¬¼àÀí¹¤×÷¿ªÕ¹Æڼ䣬ÐèÒªÕýÈ·ÈÏʶµ½ÅÅË®ÏîÄ¿µÄÖØÒªÐÔ£¬¼Ó´óÅÅË®ÏîÄ¿µÄ¼à¹Ü¹¤×÷Á¦¶È¡££¨1£©¼àÀíÈËԱҪȫÃæ¡¢¾«×¼µØÊìÖªÅÅˮϵͳ¼°ÄÚ²¿ÉèÊ©£¬ÑϰѹܵÀÖÊÁ¿£¬È·±£µØÏÂË®ÏîÄ¿¹ÜµÀ²»»á·¢Éú¸¯ÀõÈ×´¿ö¡££¨2£©¼àÀíÅÅË®ÏîÄ¿¼à¶½Æڼ䣬ҪעÒâµ÷²éµØÏÂË®µÄˮ룬½¨ÉèÈËÔ±ÒªÒÀ¾ÝÌṩµÄÊý¾Ý¿Æѧ°²ÅÅÅÅË®ÏîÄ¿ÌôÑ¡×î¼Ñ¼Æ»®¿ªÕ¹½¨É裬´ÙʹÕû¸öÏîÄ¿µÄÖÊÁ¿Ìá¸ß¡£

3¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÉî»ù¿ÓÏîÄ¿¼àÀí³öÏÖµÄ×´¿ö

3.1½¨ÉèÆÚ¼äÖÊÁ¿¿ØÖƼà¹ÜÓдý¼ÓÇ¿

¶Ô²ÎÓëÉî»ù¿Ó½¨ÉèµÄÆóÒµµÄÖÊÁ¿¿ØÖƺ͹ÜÀíÓдý¼ÓÇ¿£¬¼à²âºÍ¹ÜÀí·½·¨·Ç³£¹ýʱ¡£ºÜ¶àÏîÄ¿ÈÔÔÚʹÓÃÈ˹¤¼à¶½·½·¨£¬¼à¶½·½·¨ÐèÒª¸ü¼Ó¿Æѧ¡£µØÏÂÉî»ù¿ÓÏîÄ¿Éæ¼°¸ßˮƽµÄ¹¤³Ì¹¤×÷£¬ÐèÒª´óÁ¿Ê±¼äºÍ¸ß³É±¾¡£¹«Ë¾³É±¾¿ØÖÆЧ¹û²»¼Ñ£¬µ¼Ö³ɱ¾ÀË·ÑƵ·¢¡£Ê©¹¤¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±ÊÇÏîÄ¿¼à¶½µÄºËÐÄ×é³É²¿·Ö£¬°²È«ÔðÈθб¡Èõ£¬ÒµÎñˮƽ²»¸ß£¬¼à¶½»ú¹¹²»ÄÜÂú×㵱ǰʩ¹¤¼à¶½µÄÒªÇ󣬱ØÈ»µ¼Ö¼ල³öÏÖеÄȱ¿Ú¡£½¨ÉèÆÚ¼äÖÊÁ¿¿ØÖƼà¹Ü±ØÐë¼ÓÇ¿£¬Ê¹¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÉî»ù¿Ó½¨ÉèÄܹ»Ë³Àû½øÐУ¬±Ï¾¹ÍòÕɸߥƽµØÆð£¬Éî»ù¿Ó½¨ÉèÊÇ×î»ù´¡£¬Ò²ÊÇ×îÖØÒªµÄÏîÄ¿Ö®Ò»¡£

3.2½¨ÉèÆóÒµÖÊÁ¿±ê׼δͳһ

½¨Öþ¹«Ë¾²ÎÓëÏîÄ¿µÄ½¨É裬±ØÐë°´ÕÕͳһµÄÏîÄ¿ÖÊÁ¿±ê×¼½øÐн¨É裬±ØÐëÃ÷È·¸÷¸ö½×¶Î»òÿ¸öÔ­Áϳ§µÄ¼à¿ØºÍÏîÄ¿µÄ½¨Éè½ø¶È¡£Ôڸ߲㽨Öþ¹¤³ÌÖУ¬¸ü¶àµÄÊ©¹¤ÆóÒµÐèÒª¹²Í¬½¨É裬µ«Ê©¹¤µ¥Î»Ö®¼äµÄ¹µÍ¨²»¶à£¬½¨Öþ±ê×¼²»Í³Ò»£¬Ã»Óмƻ®µÄÊ©¹¤¹ÜÀí±ê×¼£¬Ò»Ð©Ê©¹¤ÆóҵûÓÐÒâʶµ½ÖÊÁ¿µÄÖØÒªÐÔ£¬²»Á˽âÕûÌåÉè¼ÆÊý¾Ý·ÖÎö¡¢¼à¿ØºÍʵʩԭ²ÄÁÏÉèÊ©ºÍÊ©¹¤ÈËÔ±ÐèÒª¼ÓÇ¿£¬ÍÁ½¨Éè¼Æ°²È«ÎÊÌâûÓб»×¼È·¼Ç¼£¬ÇÒÏîÄ¿µÄÊ©¹¤Ï¸½ÚûÓÐÏêϸ¼Ç¼ºÍ¹ÜÀí£¬Ó°Ï칤³ÌÖÊÁ¿£¬ÕâÔÚʵ¼Ê¹¤×÷ÖÐÒ²ÐèÒªÌرð×¢Òâ¡£

3.3ÍâÔÚÔ­Òò¶ÔÉî»ù¿ÓµÄÓ°Ïì

ÔÚÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³Ìʱ£¬ÓÉÓÚÍⲿԭÒò£¬ÐèÒª¸ÄÉÆÄÚ²¿½á¹¹£¬¼ÓÇ¿¿ØÖÆ¡£·ñÔò£¬Éî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌµÄÖÊÁ¿Ò²»á²úÉú¸ºÃæÓ°Ïì¡£ÀýÈ磬ÖØÐÍ»úеʻ¹ýÉî»ù¿ÓµÀ£¬Ôì³ÉµØÃæÕñ¶¯£¬¶ÔµØÃæ²úÉúÒ»¶¨µÄ²»ÀûÓ°Ï죬ʹµØÏÂÉî»ù¿ÓµÀµÄ¹ö¶¯Ë®Æ½ÂÔÓÐϽµ£¬´Ó¶øµ¼ÖÂÖÜΧµØÃæ¡¢µØϾ®µÄ±ä»¯£¬Ôö¼ÓÁËÉʩ¹¤¾®µÄ°²È«·çÏÕ¡£²ÄÁϵÄËæÒâ¶Ñ·ÅÒ²»áÔÚÒ»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÉÏÓ°ÏìÉîÍÚ£¬²ÄÁÏÔÚ×ÔÈ»ÒòËصÄÓ°ÏìÏ»á½øÈë»ù¿Ó»ò¸Ä±äÆäÖÊÁ¿£¬Ôö¼ÓÁËÉî»ù¿ÓµÄ°²È«·çÏÕ¡£ÉîÍÚ¾®ÊÜÍⲿÒòËØÓ°ÏìµÄ·½Ê½Óкܶ࣬ÕâÀï¾Í²»Ò»Ò»ÁоÙÁË¡£µ«ÔÚʵ¼ÊÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖУ¬ÎÒÃDZØÐëÖƶ¨ÓÐÕë¶ÔÐÔµÄÓÐЧ²ßÂÔ£¬ÔÚÒ»¶¨Ìõ¼þÏ·ÀÖ¹ÕâÖÖÇé¿ö·¢Éú£¬²¢×î´óÏ޶ȵؼõÉÙ»òÏû³ýÍâÒòµÄÓ°Ïì¡£

4¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÉî»ù¿ÓÖ§»¤Ê©¹¤¼¼ÊõÓ¦Óü°ÖÊÁ¿¿ØÖÆ

4.1Ö§»¤×®¼¼Êõ

²ÉÓÃÖ§³Å×®¼¼Êõ£¬Ôڸ߲㽨ÖþµØϾ®Ê©¹¤Ê±£¬¿ÉÒÔÃ÷È·½¨ÖþÎïµÄ¼¼ÊõÌØÐÔºÍÓÅÊÆ¡£Í¬Ê±£¬ÓÐЧ½µµÍ¸ß²ã½¨ÖþµÄÖØÁ¦ºÉÔØ£¬Ò²Æðµ½ÁËÖØÒª×÷Óá£Ö§»¤½á¹¹°üÀ¨Á½¸ö·½Ã棺һÊDZۻ¤½á¹¹£¬¶þÊÇ¿ÉÒÔʹÓùà×¢¼¼ÊõµÄÈ˹¤Ö§»¤¡£¾ßÌåÊ©¹¤ÒªÇó¼°×¢ÒâÊÂÏî°üÀ¨£ºÒ»ÊÇÔÚÊ©¹¤ÏÖ³¡´ò×®¿×£»¶þÊÇÃÜÇмà²â¸Ö½îµÄÖ±¾¶ºÍÖÊÁ¿£¬È·±£Æä¹â½à¶ÈµÃµ½Ä¥Á·ºÍ¸ÄÉÆ£»ÈýÊǸĽø֧׮¼¼ÊõºÍ²Ù×÷Á¬½Ó£¬¹Û²ìÊ©¹¤ÏÖ³¡µÄʵ¼ÊÇé¿ö£¬ÒÔ±£Ö¤½¨ÖþÎïÉʩ¹¤¾®µÄÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¡£

4.2ÅÅ×®¼¼Êõ

ÅÅ×®¼¼Êõ¶Ô¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÉîÊ©¹¤¾®µÄÊ©¹¤Ó°ÏìºÜ´ó¡£µØÏ¿ÓÖ§»¤¼¼Êõ²¼ÖýṹÓÉÅÅ×®×é³É¡£Ê¹Óøü¼Êõʱ£¬±ØÐëÈ·±£ÆäÊÊÓÃÓڸ߲㽨ÖþµÄµØÏ¿ÓÖ§»¤Ê©¹¤¡£Õæʵʩ¹¤ÏÖ³¡£¬Ñ¡ÔñºÏÊʵÄÅÅ×®·½Ê½£¬Ñϸñ¿ØÖÆÅÅ×®²¼Öýṹ£¬ÅÅ×®·½Ê½ÊÇ×ÔÉ϶øÏ¡£½áºÏµØϾ®Ê©¹¤ÏÖ³¡µÄʵ¼ÊÇé¿ö±ØÐë±£»¤µØ¿ÓÖ§¼Ü£¬´Ó¶ø²¹³¥µÄÉè¼Æ±£Ö¤ÁË»·Ö§³ÅµÄÇ¿¶ÈºÍÎȶ¨ÐÔ¡£¸Ö×®ÓÃÓÚÔÚ¸ø¶¨µÄ×®ÏßÉϽ½Öþ£¬½«ËùÓеØÏ¿ó¾®Ö§¼Ü·ÅÖóÉÔ²ÐΣ¬ÒÔÌá¸ßÎȶ¨ÐÔ¡£×®Åż¼Êõ¶ÔÓÚ½¨ÔìĦÌì´óÂ¥ÓÈΪÖØÒª¡£

4.3Ö§»¤¼à²â

²ÉÓÿÆѧµÄ¼à²â·½·¨ºÍ´ëÊ©£¬¶ÔÍÁ½¨¾®µÄʵʱʩ¹¤½øÐмà²â£¬ÓÐЧ¹ÜÀíÍÁ½¨ÏÖ³¡Ê©¹¤£¬È·±£ÍÁ½¨¼¼ÊõºÍ¹¤ÒÕÓë¸ß²ã½¨ÖþµÄʵ¼ÊÇé¿öÏàÊÊÓ¦£¬¸ÄÉÆÍÁ½¨Ìõ¼þ£¬È·±£µØϾ®Ê©¹¤ÏÖ³¡Ë³Àû½øÐС£¼ì²âµØϾ®±£»¤Ê±£¬Ö÷Òª¼ì²éÆäÖØÒª±äÐβ¿Î»ºÍ½á¹¹Ç¿¶È£¬¿ØÖÆÆÚ´óÖ¶¨ÒåΪ3-6Ìì¡£Èç¹ûÔÚ¼à²â¹ý³ÌÖз¢ÏֽṹÎÊÌ⣬ӦÁ¢¼´µ÷Õû½á¹¹¹¤³Ì£¬²¢²ÉÓÃÊʵ±µÄÊ©¹¤·½·¨£¬±ØÐë±£Ö¤µØϾ®µÄÎȶ¨ÐÔ¡£

4.4ÍÁ·½¿ªÍÚ

¸ß²ãÉî»ù¿ÓÊ©¹¤ÐèÒªÌáÇ°½øÐпªÍÚ£¬µ«ÓÉÓÚÉî»ù¿Ó¿ªÍÚÃæ»ý½Ï´ó£¬ÔÚ¿ªÍÚ¹ý³ÌÖлá²úÉú´óÁ¿Ñï³¾£¬Òò´Ë±ØÐë½øÐÐÑï³¾¿ØÖÆÒÔ±£Ö¤Ê©¹¤ÏÖ³¡µÄ°²È«¡£Í¬Ê±£¬ÔÚÍÚ¾òÍÁ·½¹¤³Ìʱ£¬Òª×öºÃÇåÀíºÍÔËÊ乤×÷£¬È·±£ÍÁ·½¹¤³ÌÓ뿪ÍÚÒ»Ö£¬±£»¤Öܱ߻·¾³¡£´ËÍ⣬ÐèÒª¶ÔĦÌì´óÂ¥½¨ÉèÓÐÏêϸµÄÁ˽⣬ÒÔ¼°¶ÔÖÊÁ¿ÎÊÌâµÄÉîÈëÑо¿ºÍ·ÖÎö£¬ÒÔ±ãÔÚ·¢ÏÖÎÊÌâʱÄܲÉÈ¡ÓÐЧ´ëÊ©¡£

4.5ê¸Ë¼¼Êõ

ê¸Ë¼¼ÊõÊÇÒ»ÖÖ×îÊʺϽ¨ÖþÍÁľ¹¤³Ì¿ªÍÚ¼¼ÊõµÄ¼¼Êõ¡£ÕâÖÖ¼¼Êõ·Ç³£ÊʺÏÁ¬½ÓÆäËû½¨ÖþÎï¡£ÔÚÉî»ù¿ÓµÄÒ»¶ËÉèÖÃê¸Ë£¬Æðµ½Îȹ̵Ä×÷Óá£Ãª¸ËÁ¬½ÓÔÚÒ»Æ𣬿ɳÐÊÜÉî»ù¿ÓÍâµÄÍäÇúÁ¦¡£Í¬Ê±£¬¿ÉÒÔ¶ÔµØÏ¿ӵÀÊ©¹¤ÏÖ³¡½øÐÐê¹Ì£¬ÒÔ¼õÉÙê¸Ë¶ÔÊ©¹¤ÏÖ³¡µÄѹÁ¦ºÍ¼ÓÔØÁ¦¡£Èç¹û±ê×¼´ïµ½×î¸ßÊ©¹¤ÒªÇó£¬Ôò²ÉÓúÏÊʵÄÊ©¹¤»úеÉ豸Öþµ×¿Óµ×²¿£¬½«Ë®Äཬµ¹ÈëµØÏ¿ÓÄÚ£¬·ÀÖ¹¿ÓÁÑ¡£¹à½¬ºó²ÉÓøÖÍаå×÷¼Ó¹Ì£¬¿É±£Ö¤ÍÁ²ãµÄÎȶ¨ÐÔ¡£½¨Ôì¸ß²ã½¨Öþ¹¤µØʱ£¬Ê¹ÓÃÂÝË¿¼¼Êõ¸üÓÐЧ¡£

5¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³Ì¼àÀí¿ØÖÆÎÊÌâµÄ·À·¶´ëÊ©

5.1Ê©¹¤Ç°¿ÆѧÖƶ¨Éî»ù¿ÓÊ©¹¤·½°¸

ÔÚ½¨ÉèÏîÄ¿¿ª¹¤Ç°£¬ÐèÒªÖƶ¨¿ÆѧµÄ½¨Éè¼Æ»®¡£¿ÆѧµÄÊ©¹¤·½°¸ÊÇ¿ªÕ¹ºóÐø¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿µÄÖØÒª»ù´¡¡£Èç¹ûÔçÆÚµØÏ¿ӽ¨Éè·½°¸Éè¼Æ²»ºÏÀí£¬½«¶ÔµØÏ¿ӽ¨ÉèÖÊÁ¿²úÉú²»ÀûÓ°Ï졣ʩ¹¤·½°¸ÐèÒªÔÚÏîÄ¿Ç°ÆÚ¾«ÐÄÉè¼ÆºÍÉóºË£¬È·±£ÏîÄ¿Ê©¹¤·½°¸µÄ¿ÆѧÐÔ¡¢ºÏÀíÐÔ£¬ÒÔÈ·±£ÏîÄ¿µÄÍƽø£¬±ÜÃâÒòÊ©¹¤·½°¸²»ÕýÈ·¶øµ¼ÖÂÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿ÎÊÌâ¡£ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬ʩ¹¤¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±ÔÚÊ©¹¤µØÏ¿Óʱ£¬ÐèÒª³ä·ÖÁ˽âÊ©¹¤·½°¸µÄ¹¤ÒÕ¹¤³Ì£¬Èç¡°·¤°å+¶ÀÁ¢»ù´¡¡±Ê©¹¤¹¤ÒÕµÄÊ©¹¤¹ý³Ì¡¢³ÌÐòºÍ×¢ÒâÊÂÏîµÈ¡£ÔÚÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖÐÑϸñ¿ØÖÆÊ©¹¤¼¼Êõʵʩ¹ý³Ì£¬È·±£Ê©¹¤¼¼ÊõµÃµ½ÓÐЧӦÓ㬷¢»ÓÆäÓ¦ÓеÄ×÷ÓúͼÛÖµ¡£½¨Öþ¹«Ë¾Ô±¹¤Ò²Ó¦×Ðϸ¿¼ÂǵØϲɿóÏîÄ¿µÄÊ©¹¤¼Æ»®¡£¶ÔÏîÄ¿ÖÐÉæ¼°µÄ¸÷ÏîÊ©¹¤¼¼Êõ£¬Òª±ÜÃâÊ©¹¤¼¼ÊõµÄ²»ÊìÁ·ÕÆÎÕ£¬×è°­ÏîÄ¿µÄʵʩ¡£ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬Ö÷¹ÜÐèÒª³ä·ÖÁ˽âÏÖ³¡¹¤×÷µÄʵ¼ÊÇé¿ö¡£Èç¹ûÊÂʵ֤Ã÷Ê©¹¤¹«Ë¾²»·ûºÏ¹æ·¶ÒªÇó£¬ÔòÐèÒªÖƶ¨¿ÆѧµÄ½â¾ö·½°¸£¬Í¨¹ý¶ÔÏÖ³¡¹¤×÷µÄ¿Æѧ¹ÜÀíÀ´Ìá¸ßÍÁľ¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤¹«Ë¾µÄÖÊÁ¿¡£

5.2Ê©¹¤ÖмÓÇ¿Ê©¹¤È«¹ý³Ì¼à¹ÜÁ¦¶È

µØϾ®¡¢¹¤³Ì»úе¡¢½¨²ÄµÈÊ©¹¤Ê±£¬»áÓ°ÏìÕû¸öÏîÄ¿µÄ¹¹½¨ÖÊÁ¿¡£ÌáÉý³¡¾°Æ·Öʹ¤Áϼà¿ØÊÇÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀí¹¤×÷µÄÖØÒª×é³É²¿·Ö¡£±ÈÈ繤³Ì»úеʩ¹¤Ê±¾ø¶Ô±ØÒªµÄÊ©¹¤Ð­Öú£¬ÒÔÈ·±£ÉîÍÚ¡£ÎªÁËÓÐÌõ²»Îɵؽ¨ÉèÏîÄ¿£¬ÏîÄ¿¾­ÀíÐèÒª¹Ø×¢ÏÖ³¡µÄÊ©¹¤»úе¡£ÔÚ¹ÜÀíÊ©¹¤É豸ʱ£¬ÐèÒª×Ðϸ¼ì²éÊ©¹¤É豸µÄÊýÁ¿¡¢Ðͺš¢¹¦ÂʵÈÈ·±£»úеÉ豸±£³ÖÁ¼ºÃµÄ¹¤×÷״̬¡£µ±½á¹¹´¦ÓÚÀÏ»¯×´Ì¬Ê±£¬Ê©¹¤¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±ÐèÒª¼°Ê±ÁªÏµÊ©¹¤ÈËÔ±ÓйØÊ©¹¤»úе»òÉ豸µÄÐÅÏ¢¡£¼à¶½Ê©¹¤ÈËÔ±²¢ÈÃËûÃǸù¾ÝÐèҪά»¤»úÆ÷ºÍÉ豸ѡÔñ¡£ÏÖ³¡Ê¹ÓõĽ¨Öþ²ÄÁÏÒ²ÐèÒªÓÐЧ¹ÜÀí¡£´Ó½¨²Ä²É¹ºµ½×îÖÕʹÓö¼ÐèÒªÑϸñ¼à¿ØÒÔ¼°Ê©¹¤²ÄÁϵĹÜÀí£¬ÓÐЧµÄÖÊÁ¿¿ØÖÆÊÇʵÏÖ¹¤³ÌÖÊÁ¿µÄÖØҪĿ±êµÄ±£Ö¤¡£ÏîÄ¿¾­Àí»¹±ØÐë×öºÃÍê³É½×¶ÎµÄÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀí¹¤×÷£¬¾ßÌåÄÚÈÝ°üÀ¨È·ÈϵØÏ¿ӵĽ¨Éè·ûºÏÏîÄ¿¹æ»®ÒªÇó£¬Ñé֤ʩ¹¤¹¤ÒÕºÍÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿£¬È·±£Ê©¹¤¾®ÉîÏîÄ¿½¨ÉèÖÊÁ¿Äܹ»Âú×ãÏîÄ¿ÒªÇóµÈµÈ£¬×Ü֮ʩ¹¤¹ý³ÌÖÐҪȫÃæ¼ÓÇ¿Ê©¹¤È«¹ý³Ì¼à¹ÜÁ¦¶È£¬È·±£Ê©¹¤Äܹ»°²È«Ë³ÀûµØ½øÐС£

5.3¼ÓÇ¿Éî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤µÄѲ¼ì

ÔÚ½¨ÉèµØÏ¿óɽ¹¤³Ìʱ£¬ÎÞÂÛÊÇ¿ªÍÚÊ©¹¤¿Ó¡¢Ö§»¤Ê©¹¤¿Ó»¹ÊÇÆäËû¹¤×÷£¬¶¼ÈÝÒ׳öÏÖÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿ÎÊÌâ¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÏîÄ¿¾­ÀíÔÚ¼ì²éµØϲɿóÏîĿʱ£¬ÉÆÓÚ¼°Ê±·¢Ïֺͽâ¾öÊ©¹¤ÏÖ³¡Ê©¹¤ÖдæÔÚµÄÖÊÁ¿°²È«ÎÊÌ⣬×öºÃÊ©¹¤ÏÖ³¡µÄ¼ì²é¹¤×÷¡£Ê×ÏÈ£¬Ê©¹¤¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±ÐèÒªÉîÈëµ÷²éÊ©¹¤ÏÖ³¡µÄ»·¾³Ìõ¼þÊÇ·ñ·ûºÏÊ©¹¤ÏÖ³¡µÄÊ©¹¤ÒªÇó¡£ÀýÈ磬Èç¹ûÍÚ¾òÖÜΧµÄµÀ·ÓÐÁÑ·ì»òϳÁ£¬»òÕ߽ṹÖÜΧµÄ¹ÜµÀ´æÔÚй©£¬¶øÖ§³Å±£³ÖÍêÕû¡£¶þÊÇÔÚÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖÐÐèÒª¼ÓÇ¿½¨ÖþÖÊÁ¿¿ØÖÆ¡£ÆÀ¹ÀÏîÄ¿ÊÇ·ñ°´Ê©¹¤¼Æ»®½øÐУ¬×Ðϸ²âÁ¿µØÏ¿ӽṹµÄλÒƺͱäÐΣ¬Ê¶±ð¸Ö¹Ü×®¡¢»ØÌî±£»¤×®µÈ¡£Âú×ãÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿ÒªÇó¡£Ã¿µ±Ê©¹¤³öÏÖÎÊÌâʱ£¬Ó¦¼°Ê±ÁªÏµÊ©¹¤¶Ó£¬¼°Ê±½â¾öÎÊÌ⣬ȷ±£¹¤³Ì½ø¶ÈºÍÖÊÁ¿·ûºÏÉè¼ÆÒªÇó¡£

6¼ÓÇ¿¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³Ì¿Ó±Ú·ÀË®¼àÀí¹ÜÖÆ

Ôڸ߲㽨ÖþÉʩ¹¤¿ÓµÀÊ©¹¤Ê±£¬Ê©¹¤¿Óǽ½øË®ÎÊÌâ¾­³£·¢Éú£¬¶ÔÊ©¹¤¿ÓµÀÊ©¹¤¼°Ö§»¤½á¹¹Îȶ¨ÐÔÓ°Ïì½Ï´ó¡£¸ù¾ÝÏÖ³¡¿±²ì½á¹û£¬±¾ÏîÄ¿Ê©¹¤µ¥Î»²ÉÓÃÐýת׮ºÍÐüµõ¸Ö¸ñ¼ÜµÄ»ìÄýÍÁÅ罬·½Ê½£¬±ÜÃâÁËÉøÈë¾®±ÚµÄÎÊÌâ¡£¼à²âµ¥Î»½áºÏ¹¤³ÌÏÖ³¡Êµ¼ÊÇé¿öºÍÊ©¹¤·½°¸£¬½«Ïà¹ØÐÅÏ¢´«´ï¸ø¹æ»®µ¥Î»¡¢Ê©¹¤²¼ÖúÍÖÊÁ¿¿ØÖƵ㣬ÓÐЧ±£Ö¤Ê©¹¤¾®±ÚÃÜ·âЧ¹û£¬²¢´«´ï¸øÊ©¹¤µ¥Î»¡£×îÖÕ£¬ºÜÃ÷ÏÔ£¬±¾µØΧÀ¸ºÍ°²È«¼à¿ØÓ¦¸Ã±»ÊÓΪÖØÒªµÄ¼à¿ØÄ¿±ê¡£±¾ÏîÄ¿ÔÚÊ©¹¤Éî»ù¿Óʱ£¬µØ±íË®¹ÜÀí·½°¸ÒªÇóÔÚ»ù¿Ó1.5mÄÚʹÓÃC20»ìÄýÍÁ²ÄÁÏÓ²»¯Ãܷ⣬²¢¹àÈë¸÷¸ö½ÇÂä¡£ÔÚ´Ë»ù´¡ÉÏ¿ªÒ»ÌõÅÅË®¹µ£¬ÔÚÔ¼2m´¦ÊÕ¼¯µØ±íË®£¬ÅÅÈë5mÍâµÄË®¿â£¬³ÁµíºóÅÅÈëË®¿â¡£¸½½ü×ÔÖÎÊеÄÅÅË®¹ÜÍø£¬Ò»¸ö400mm¡Á300mm´óСµÄäÇþºÍÒ»¸öÖ±¾¶1mµÄ¼¯Ë®¿Ó°²×°ÔÚÀëµØÃæ350mmµÄ¾àÀë´¦£¬ÒÔÃܷ⿪Íڵذ塣¼¯Ë®¿ÓΪשÆö£¬Éî¶È¿ØÖÆÔÚ2m×óÓÒ£¬¿Óµ××°ÓÐDZˮ±Ã£¬ÓÃÓÚºóÐøÅÅË®¹¤×÷¡£±¾´Î·ÀË®¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤ÆÚ¼äµÄ¼àÀíµ¥Î»ÔÚÕû¸ö¹ý³ÌÖмà¿Ø¹¹¼þÖÊÁ¿£¬Á˽âÒÑ°²×°Ç±Ë®±ÃµÄÀàÐͺÍ״̬£¬¹µÍ¨ºÍ½â¾öÒÑʶ±ðµÄÎÊÌ⣬²¢È·±£ËüÃÇÂú×ãÉè¼ÆÒªÇó¡£¼à¹ÜÈËÔ±Ó¦ÔÚÍê³É·âËøºÍ¿ªÊ¼³Áµí¹ý³Ì֮ǰ¼ì²éÅÅË®¹µµÄÅÅË®×´¿ö£¬ÒÔÈ·±£Ðж¯×ÔÓÉ¡£ÔÚÊ©¹¤¾®Ê©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖУ¬ÏÖ³¡¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±¸ù¾ÝÔ¤¶¨¼à²â¼Æ»®¶¨ÆÚ¼ì²éÏÖ³¡·âÌõ£¬ÊÕ¼¯¡¢¼Ç¼ºÍÆÀ¹ÀÏà¹ØÊý¾Ý£¬²¢¼ÓÇ¿ÓëÊ©¹¤µ¥Î»ºÍ¹¤³ÌʦµÄ¹µÍ¨¡£

7½áÊøÓï

×ÛÉÏËùÊö£¬Ëæ×ÅÈËÃÇÉú»îˮƽµÄÈÕÒæÌáÉý£¬¸÷ÖÖ¸÷ÑùµÄ¸ßÂ¥´óÏÃÒ²ÈçÓêºó´ºËñ°ãð³ö£¬½¨ÖþÖÊÁ¿Ò²±äµÃÔ½·¢ÖØÒª¡£¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌÊÇĦÌì´óÂ¥µÄ»ù´¡£¬ÊÇÑϰѹ¤³ÌÖÊÁ¿µÄ»ù´¡¡£¿ÆѧºÏÀíµØ¿ªÕ¹¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³Ì¼à²â¹ÜÀí¹¤×÷£¬Ê¹¹¤³Ì¶¨ÐÔ¡¢¶¨Á¿µØÍê³É¡£¼Ó´ó¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³Ì¼àÀí¹Ü¿Ø£¬ÊÇÌá¸ß½¨ÖþÕûÌåÖÊÁ¿µÄÐèÒª¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÔÚʵ¼ÊÊ©¹¤ÖУ¬ÒªÉîÍÚ»ù¿Ó£¬×ñÊØÊ©¹¤¼Æ»®£¬¼ÓÇ¿¼ì²éºÍÉ豸¹ÜÀí£¬¿ªÕ¹¼ì²é¹¤×÷¡£ÓÐЧÌáÉýÉè¼ÆÆ·ÖÊ£¬È·±£Õû¶°½¨ÖþÆ·ÖÊ¡£

²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×

[1]Óྩ¾©.½¨ÖþÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³Ì¼àÀí¿ØÖÆÎÊÌâºÍ·À»¤²ßÂÔ[J].·¿µØ²úÊÀ½ç£¬2021£¨6£©£º116-118.

[2]ÓàÎÄÖÒ.¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³Ì¼àÀí¿ØÖÆÎÊÌâºÍ·À»¤²ßÂÔ[J].½¨Éè¿Æ¼¼£¬2020£¨24£©£º99-101.

[3]Ҷʢ¾ü.¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³Ì¼àÀí¿ØÖÆÎÊÌâºÍ·À»¤²ßÂÔ[J].Öйú½¨Öþ½ðÊô½á¹¹£¬2020£¨12£©£º46-47.

[4]ÐìÖÓÃù.¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³Ì¼àÀí¿ØÖÆÎÊÌâºÍ·À»¤´ëÊ©[J].¿Æ¼¼¾­¼Ãµ¼¿¯£¬2020£¬28£¨18£©£º96.

[5]꽨º£.¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³Ì¼àÀí¿ØÖÆÎÊÌâºÍ·À»¤´ëÊ©[J].µØ²ú£¬2019£¨23£©£º139-140.