ÕªÒª£ºËæ×ÅÎÒ¹úÉç»áµÄ¿ìËÙ·¢Õ¹£¬¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÊýÁ¿Ô½À´Ô½¶à¡£¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÓ봫ͳ½¨ÖþÏà±È¾ßÓнϴóµÄ²îÒìÐÔ£¬ÆäÊ©¹¤ÄѶȸü´ó£¬Òò´ËÒªÇó¸ü¸ß£¬±ØÐëÖØÊӸ߲㽨ÖþµÄÉè¼Æ¹¤×÷¡£ÆäÖÐůͨ¿Õµ÷Éè¼Æ×÷ΪÆäÖØÒªµÄ×é³É²¿·Ö£¬±ØÐëÒªÓèÒÔÖØÊÓ£¬»ý¼«¿ªÕ¹ÍêÉƺʹ´Ð¹¤×÷£¬²»¶ÏÌá¸ßÉè¼Æˮƽ£¬²ÅÄܹ»ÕæÕýµÄÌá¸ßůͨ¹¤³ÌµÄÖÊÁ¿ºÍ±£Ö¤°²È«¡£

¹Ø¼ü´Ê£º¸ß²ã½¨Öþ£»Å¯Í¨¿Õµ÷£»Éè¼Æ

1Ç°ÑÔ

Ëæ×ųÇÊÐÏÖ´ú»¯½ø³ÌÈÕÒæ¼Ó¿ì£¬¸ß²ã½¨ÖþµÃµ½ÁË¿ÕÇ°µÄ·¢Õ¹£¬±ÈÈçµØ±ê½¨Öþ¡¢¾ÆµêÒÔ¼°¸ß¼¶Ð´×ÖÂ¥µÈ¶¼ÊÇÒԸ߲㽨ÖþΪÖ÷¡£¸ß²ã½¨Öþ²»½öÐèÒª±£Ö¤ÆäÖÊÁ¿ºÍ°²È«£¬»¹±ØÐëҪʵÏָ߲㽨Öþ¹¤³ÌµÄ¹¦ÄÜÐÔºÍÊæÊÊÐÔ¡£×öºÃůͨ¿Õµ÷Éè¼ÆÄܹ»ÊµÏָ߲㽨ÖþµÄ»ù±¾¹¦ÄÜ£¬×îÖÕ´Ù½ø¸ß²ã½¨ÖþµÄ¿É³ÖÐøÐÔ·¢Õ¹¡£

2ůͨ¿Õµ÷·½°¸Éè¼ÆµÄ»ù±¾Ô­Ôò

2.1·½°¸µÄ¾­¼ÃÐÔůͨ¿Õµ÷Éè¼Æʱ±ØÐëÒªÖØÊÓÉè¼Æ·½°¸µÄ¾­¼ÃÐÔ£¬ÔÚÏàͬÌõ¼þϱØÐëҪȷÈϲÄÁÏ¡¢É豸ÒÔ¼°°²×°µÈÖî¶à·½Ãæ·ÑÓõĿÆѧÐԺͺÏÀíÐÔ£¬Í¬Ê±»¹±ØÐëÖØÊÓůͨ¿Õµ÷ÔËÐйý³ÌÖÐËù´øÀ´µÄÄܺÄÎÊÌ⣬¸ù¾Ýµ±µØʵ¼ÊÇé¿öºÍ½ÚÄܲ¿ÃŵľßÌåÒªÇó£¬Öƶ¨²»Í¬·½°¸½øÐжԱÈÓÅÑ¡£¬×îÖÕÑ¡Ôñ×îΪ¿Æѧ¡¢ºÏÀí¡¢¾­¼ÃµÄÉè¼Æ·½°¸¡£

2.2·½°¸µÄ¿ÉÐÐÐÔůͨ¿Õµ÷Éè¼Æ·½°¸±ØÐëÒª±£Ö¤Æä±¾ÉíµÄ¿ÉÐÐÐÔ£¬²ÅÄܹ»ÊµÏÖΪ¸ß²ã½¨Öþ·þÎñµÄÄ¿±ê¡£Éè¼Æ·½°¸Öеĸ÷ÏîÉ豸£¬Ö¸±ê±ØÐëÒª·ûºÏÎÒ¹úÏà¹Ø¹æ¶¨ºÍ±ê×¼£¬Í¬Ê±Ó¦¸ÃÊʺϸ߲㽨ÖþµÄʵ¼ÊÇé¿ö¡£Éè¼ÆÖеĸ÷Ïî²ÎÊýÉèÖ㬱ØÐëÒªÓпÆѧµÄÊý¾ÝÖ§³Ö£¬¶ÔÓÚһЩ±È½Ï¸´ÔÓ¡¢ÌØÊâµÄ¿Õµ÷°²×°¹¤×÷£¬²ÎÊýÉè¼ÆµÄʱºò±ØÐëÒªÓоßÌåµÄÊý¾Ý¼ÆË㣬²ÅÄܹ»ÕæÕýµÄÈ·ÈÏ·½°¸µÄ¿ÉÐÐÐÔ£¬×îÖÕ±£Ö¤Å¯Í¨¿Õµ÷Ôڸ߲㽨ÖþÖеĿÉÐÐÐÔ¡£

2.3¾ßÓпɵ÷½ÚÐԸ߲㽨ÖþµÄůͨ¿Õµ÷ϵͳ¸ù¾Ýµ÷½Ú·¶Î§£¬°üº¬·ÖÇøµ÷½Ú¡¢¹ý¶É¼¾½Ú»ò²¿·Ö¸ººÉʹÓÃϵĵ÷½Ú¡¢Ä©¶Ë·¿¼ä¶ÀÁ¢ÆôÍ£µÈÄÚÈÝ¡£´óÐͽ¨ÖþµÄ¹©Å¯¿Õµ÷ϵͳÍùÍù°´ÕÕÍâÇøºÍÄÚÇø¡¢ÄÏÇøºÍ±±Çø·Ö±ð½øÐÐÉè¼ÆºÍµ÷½Ú£»ÔÚ¹ý¶É¼¾½Ú£¬¿Éͨ¹ýËæʱ¿ª´°Í¨·ç¡¢ÀäÈ´ËþÃâ·Ñ¹©À䡢ȫзç»ò¿Éµ÷зçµÄÈ«¿ÕÆøµ÷½ÚϵͳµÈ´ëʩʵÏÖ½µµÍÄܺģ»ÔÚ²¿·Ö¸ººÉʹÓÃÏ£¬¿¼²ìÀäÈÈÔ´»ú×éÈÝÁ¿ÅäÖúĮ́Êý¡¢»ú×鲿·Ö¸ººÉÐÔÄÜIPLVÖ¸±êÂú×㲿·Ö¸ººÉÒªÇó£¬ÊµÏÖ½µµÍϵͳÄܺģ»Ä©¶Ë·¿¼ä¿ÉÒÔ¶ÀÁ¢ÆôÍ££¬·ÀÖ¹²»Ê¹Óõķ¿¼äÀË·ÑÄÜÔ´¡£¸ß²ã½¨ÖþµÄůͨ¿Õµ÷ϵͳ¸ù¾Ýµ÷½Ú·½Ê½£¬·ÖΪ×Ô¶¯µ÷½ÚºÍÊÖ¶¯µ÷½Ú¡£¿É×Ô¶¯µ÷½ÚµÄůͨ¿Õµ÷ϵͳ£¬ÍùÍùÐèÒªÒ»´ÎÐÔͶÈë½Ï¸ßµÄ³É±¾£¬µ«ºóÆÚÄܹ»ÓÐЧµÄ¼õÉÙÈËÁ¦³É±¾µÄͶÈ룬ÇÒµ÷½ÚЧ¹û½ÏÈ˹¤ÊÖ¶¯µ÷½ÚºÃ£¬½üÄêÀ´Ô½À´Ô½Êܵ½ÈËÃǵÄÈÏ¿É£¬Í¬Ê±Ò²µÃµ½¸÷µØ½ÚÄܲ¿ÃŵĴóÁ¦Ö§³ÖºÍÍƹ㡣

3¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÖÐůͨÉè¼Æ´æÔÚµÄÎÊÌâ

3.1¿ÕÆø¼ÆËã²ÎÊý²»·ûºÏ¹æ·¶ÒªÇóÎÒ¹úůͨÏà¹Ø¹æ¶¨ºÍ±ê×¼¶Ô¶¬¼¾ÊÒÄÚ¿ÕÆøµÄ¾ßÌå¼ÆËã²ÎÊý¾ßÓÐÊ®·ÖÃ÷È·µÄ¹æ¶¨£¬Éè¼ÆµÄʱºò±ØÐëÒªÑϸñµÄ°´Õչ涨¹æ·¶½øÐÐÉè¼Æ£¬±ÈÈç²ÞËùµÄ¹©Å¯Î¶ÈÒª´ïµ½16¡æ£¬Ô¡ÊÒÒª´ïµ½25¡æ£¬ÓÉÓÚ¸÷µØÇøÊÒÍâζȵIJ»Í¬£¬Éè¼ÆÈËÔ±ÔÚůͨÉè¼ÆµÄʱºò²¢Ã»Óиù¾Ýʵ¼ÊÇé¿ö½øÐÐÉè¼Æ£¬½ø¶øµ¼Ö¼ÆËã²ÎÊý²»×¼È·£¬Ã»ÓÐÑϸñµÄÖ´ÐÐÏà¹Ø¹æ¶¨ºÍ±ê×¼¡£ÎÒ¹úÉè¼Æ¹æ·¶ÖÐÓÐ×ÅÊ®·ÖÃ÷È·µÄ¹æ¶¨£¬ÏµÍ³µÄÈȸººÉ±ØÐëÒª½«ÃÅ´°µÄÀä¿ÕÆøÁ¿¼ÆËã½øÈ¥£¬ÒòΪÃÅ´°µÄÀä¿ÕÆøÁ¿ÊÇÓ°Ïìµ½ÊÒÄÚÎÊÌâµÄÖ÷ÒªÒòËØÖ®Ò»£¬±ØÐëÒª¿¼ÂÇÉè¼Æ·¶Î§ÄÚ£¬¶ÔÆä½øÐо«È·µÄ¼ÆËã²ÅÄܹ»±£Ö¤Å¯Í¨Éè¼ÆµÄºÏÀíÐÔ¡£µ«ÊDz¿·ÖÉè¼ÆÈËԱΪÁËÄܹ»±ãÓÚ¼ÆË㣬ÔÚ½øÐÐÉè¼ÆµÄʱºò²¢Ã»Óн«ÆäÄÉÈëµ½ÈÈÁ¿ËðºÄÖУ¬Éè¼Æ±¾Éí´æÔÚ×ÅÒ»¶¨µÄÎÊÌ⣬µ¼Ö¹©Å¯ÈȸººÉ²»¹»×¼È·¡£

3.2ͨ·ç¿Õµ÷ϵͳÉè¼Æ²»·ûºÏ¹æ·¶ÒªÇ󡶽¨ÖþÉè¼Æ·À»ð¹æ·¶¡·ÖжԷç¹Ü¾ßÓÐÊ®·ÖÃ÷È·µÄ¹æ¶¨£¬Éè¼Æ·ç¹Ü²»Ó¦´©¹ý·À»ðǽ»òÕß±äÐη죬һµ©³öÏֱȽÏÌØÊâµÄÇé¿ö£¬±ØÐëÒª´©¹ý£¬ÄÇô±ØÐëÒªÔÚ´©Ô½µÄµØ·½ÉèÖ÷À»ð·§£¬ÐèÒª´©¹ý±äÐηìµÄʱºò±ØÐëÒªÔÚÁ½²àÉèÖ÷À»ð·§¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬Éè¼ÆÈËÔ±ÔÚ½øÐÐůͨÉè¼ÆµÄʱºò£¬²¢Ã»ÓÐÑϸñµÄ°´Õչ涨½øÐУ¬µ¼ÖÂÒ»²¿·Ö¸ß²ã½¨ÖþµÄ·ç¹Ü´©¹ý·À»ðǽ£¬µ«ÊÇûÓÐÉèÖ÷À»ð·§£¬ÉõÖÁ»¹³öÏÖ·ç¹Ü´©¹ý±äÐη죬һ²àÉèÖÃÁ˶øÁíÒ»²àÈ´¶ªÊ§µÄÏÖÏó¡£

4¸ß²ã½¨Öþůͨ¿Õµ÷Éè¼ÆÒªµã

4.1ůͨ¿Õµ÷¸ººÉºÏÀí¼ÆËãÀäÈȸººÉÊǸ߲㽨Öþůͨ¿Õµ÷Éè¼ÆµÄ»ù´¡Êý¾Ý£¬Èç¹û²»ÄܶÔÆä½øÐпÆѧ¡¢ºÏÀíµÄ¼ÆË㣬¾Í»áÖ±½ÓÓ°Ïìµ½¸ß²ã½¨ÖþµÄ×ʽðͶÈ룬²»½ö»á´øÀ´×ÊÔ´µÄÀË·Ñ£¬»¹»á´Ó¸ù±¾ÉÏÔö¼ÓÊ©¹¤³É±¾£¬ËùÒÔ£¬±ØÐëÒª±ÜÃ⽫Éè¼ÆÊÖ²áÖеĵ¥Î»½¨ÖþÃæ»ýÀäÈÈ·ûºÏÖ¸±êµ±³ÉÊ©¹¤Í¼Ö½Éè¼ÆÖеÄÒÀ¾Ý£¬±ØÐëÒª½áºÏʵ¼Ê½øÐиººÉ¼ÆË㣬µÃµ½×¼È·µÄ¼ÆËãÊý¾Ý²ÅÄܹ»½øÐÐÏÂÒ»²½Éè¼Æ¹¤×÷¡£

4.2Ë®Á¦Æ½ºâ×°ÖÃÉèÖÃÉè¼ÆÈËÔ±±ØÐëÒª¶Ôůͨ¿Õµ÷ϵͳ½øÐÐË®Á¦¼ÆË㣬²¢ÔÚϵͳÖÐÉèÖÃƽºâ×°Ö᣶ÔÓÚ¶¨Á÷Á¿µÄ¹©Å¯¿Õµ÷ϵͳ£¬¿ÉÒÔÔÚ½¨ÖþÈÈÁ¦Èë¿Ú´¦ÉèÖþ²Ì¬Ë®Á¦Æ½ºâ·§£»¶ÔÓÚ±äÁ÷Á¿µÄ¹©Å¯¿Õµ÷ϵͳ£¬¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý¶¯Ì¬µÄѹ²î¿ØÖÆ·§Ìæ´ú´«Í³µÄ¶¯Ì¬Á÷Á¿Æ½ºâ·§£»¶ÔÓÚͨ·çϵͳ£¬Ó¦ÔÚϵͳÉÏÉèÖ÷çÁ¿Æ½ºâ·§£¬´Ó×î´ó³Ì¶ÈÉϼõÉÙË®Á¦²»Æ½ºâÏÖÏóµÄ·¢Éú¡£

4.3ºÏÀíÉè¼ÆÀäÈÈÔ´»ú×éÈÝÁ¿¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÔÚ½øÐÐůͨ¿Õµ÷Éè¼Æ½×¶Î£¬Êµ¼ÊÀäÈÈÔ´»ú×éÈÝÁ¿Ñ¡È¡ÍùÍù»áÓнϴóµÄÔ£Á¿£¬´Ó¶ø²úÉúÄÜÔ´À˷ѵÄÏÖÏó£¬Ö÷ÒªÔ­ÒòÓÐÒÔϼ¸µã¡£Ê×ÏÈ£¬Éè¼Æ½×¶ÎûÓÐ×öºÃÖð¸ö·¿¼äµÄ¸ººÉ¼ÆË㣬µ¼ÖÂÀäÈȸººÉÊý¾Ý²»×¼£¬Éè¼ÆÈËÔ±ÍùÍùÖ±½Ó·Å´óÀäÈȸººÉ¡£Æä´Î£¬Ò»Ð©ÖÐСÉ豸³§¼Ò²úÆ·Ðé±êÐͺţ¬Êµ¼ÊÈÝÁ¿²»×㣬µ¼Ö¼׷½ºÍÉè¼ÆÈËԱΪ±£ÏÕÆð¼ûÁôµÄÔ£Á¿¹ý´ó¡£×îºó£¬ÏµÍ³Êµ¼ÊÔËÐвÎÊýÍùÍù´ï²»µ½Éè¼Æ²ÎÊýµÄÒªÇó£¬Éè¼ÆÈËÔ±Ö»ºÃ·Å´ó»ú×éÈÝÁ¿±£Ö¤Å¯Í¨¿Õµ÷Ч¹û¡£¸ù¾ÝÏà¹Øµ÷ÑбíÃ÷£¬Ä¿Ç°½¨ÖþµÄůͨ¿Õµ÷ÄܺÄÔÚÎÒ¹ú½¨ÖþÄܺÄÖÐÕ¼ÓÐÏ൱´óµÄ±ÈÀý£¬ËùÒÔůͨ¿Õµ÷Éè¼ÆÈËÔ±ÔÚ½øÐÐÉè¼ÆʱӦÑϸñ½øÐиººÉ¼ÆË㣬¿¼Âǵ½¹¤³ÌµÄ¸÷ÖÖ¸´ÔÓÒòËؽøÐÐÐÞÕý£¬²ÅÄܹ»ÓÐЧµÄ½µµÍ¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÖÐÄÜÔ´ÀË·ÑÎÊÌâ¡£

5½áÊøÓï

¸ß²ã½¨ÖþÊǽ¨ÖþÐÐÒµ²»¿É»òȱµÄÖØÒª×é³É²¿·Ö£¬ÎÒÃÇÉè¼ÆÈËÔ±±ØÐëÒª»ý¼«µÄ×öºÃ¸ß²ã½¨Öþůͨ¿Õµ÷רҵµÄÉè¼Æ¹¤×÷£¬²»¶ÏµÄÌá¸ßÉè¼ÆˮƽºÍÖÊÁ¿£¬²ÉÓÃÏȽøµÄ½ÚÄÜ¡¢Â̽¨¼¼Êõ£¬²ÅÄܹ»ÎªÈËÃÇÌṩ¸üΪÊæÊÊ¡¢½¡¿µµÄ»·¾³¡£

²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×£º

[1]Ðì²ýËÉ.ÎÒ¹ú¸ß²ã½¨Öþůͨ¿Õµ÷Éè¼ÆÖдæÔÚµÄÎÊÌâ¼°½â¾ö·½·¨Ì½Îö[J].Öйú¸ßм¼ÊõÆóÒµ,2011(9).

[2]ÍõÈêÁ¼.ůͨ¿Õµ÷Éè¼Æ·½°¸±È½ÏµÄһЩÎÊÌâ[J].ºÚÁú½­¿Æ¼¼ÐÅÏ¢,2009(29).

[3]ÁºË¹÷è.¸ß²ã½¨ÖþůͨÉè¼ÆÖдæÔÚµÄÎÊÌâ¼°¸Ä½ø²ßÂÔ[J].¿Æ¼¼´Ù½ø·¢Õ¹,2010(2).

[4]ÁÖ´Ï.ÂÛůͨ¹¤³Ì°²×°Ê©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿´æÔÚÎÊÌâ¼°´ëÊ©[J].¿Æѧ֮ÓÑ,2011(12).