ÕªÒª£ºËæ×ÅÈËÃÇÉú»îˮƽµÄ²»¶ÏÌá¸ß£¬¸øÅÅË®¹¤³ÌµÄÖØÒªÐÔÒ²ÈÕÒæ͹ÏÔ¡£¸øÅÅË®¹¤³ÌÊǽ¨Öþ¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤ÖØÒªÄÚÈÝ£¬ÕûÌ幤³ÌÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿»á¶Ô×îÖÕ½¨ÖþʹÓÃÇé¿ö²úÉúÖ±½ÓÓ°Ï졣Ϊ´ïµ½×îÓÅ»¯¸øÅÅË®¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤Ð§¹û£¬ÐèҪͨ¹ý¶Ô³£¼ûͨ²¡½øÐÐÓÐЧԤ·ÀµÄ·½Ê½±£Ö¤£¬±£Ö¤×îÖÕÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¡£»ùÓÚ´Ë£¬±¾ÎĶԸøÅÅË®¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿ÖдæÔÚµÄÎÊÌâ½øÐвûÊö²¢Ìá³ö½â¾ö´ëÊ©¡£Ï£Íû¶Ô½¨ÖþÆóÒµµÄ¸øÅÅË®¹¤³Ì½¨É蹤×÷ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£

¹Ø¼ü´Ê£º½¨Öþ¸øÅÅË®;Ê©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿;ÖÊÁ¿¿ØÖÆ

ÒýÑÔ

½¨Öþ¹¤³Ì½¨ÉèÖаüº¬¶à·½ÃæµÄÄÚÈÝ£¬ÆäÖб£Ö¤³ÇÊÐÔËÐеĻù±¾ÒªËØÖ®Ò»¾ÍÊÇÊÐÕþ¸øÅÅË®¹¤³Ì¡£ÔÚ½¨Öþ¸øÅÅË®¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤ÖУ¬Òª´Ó¹ÜµÀ²ÄÁÏÑ¡Ôñ¡¢Éè¼Æ¡¢Ê©¹¤µÈ¶à·½Ãæ½øÐÐÑϸñ¹Ü¿Ø²ÅÄܱ£Ö¤¸ßÖÊÁ¿µÄÊ©¹¤£¬²ÅÄܱ£Ö¤°´ÕÕÊ©¹¤Í¼Ö½Á¬½Ó¹ÜµÀ£¬ÓÈÆäÒªÑϸñ¿ØÖƹܵÀµÄѹÁ¦£¬½«¸øÅÅˮϵͳµÄÕûÌ幦Äܳä·Ö·¢»Ó³öÀ´£¬½ø¶øÈ«ÃæÌáÉý¸øÅÅË®¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤°²È«ÐÔºÍÊ©¹¤Ð§ÂÊ£¬×î´ó»¯¼õÉÙÔËÐÐÎÊÌ⣬±£Ö¤ÏµÍ³ÔËÐÐÕý³£¡£¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±²»½öÒª¶Ô½¨Öþ¸øÅÅË®¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤Öеij£¼û²»×ãÖ®´¦Óгä·ÖµÄÈÏʶ£¬¶ÔÊ©¹¤¼¼ÊõÒªµãÒªÓÐ׼ȷµÄ°ÑÎÕ£¬»¹ÒªÔÚʵ¼ùÖмÓÇ¿×ܽáʵ¼ù¾­ÑéºÍ½Ìѵ£¬»ý¼«½è¼øÆäËû¹¤³ÌµÄ¼¼ÊõºÍ¾­Ñ飬²»¶ÏÌá¸ß×ÔÉíÊ©¹¤¼¼Êõˮƽ£¬ÇÐʵ±£Ö¤Âäʵ¸øÅÅË®¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤¼¼Êõ·½°¸¡£

1½¨Öþ¸øÅÅˮʩ¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¿ØÖƵÄÖØÒªÐÔ

Âäʵ½¨Öþ¸øÅÅˮʩ¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¿ØÖƹ¤×÷£¬¿ÉÒÔ±£ÕϽ¨Öþ¸øÅÅˮʩ¹¤ÖÊÁ¿£¬Ìá¸ßÈËÃǵÄÉú»îˮƽ¡£½üÄêÀ´£¬Ëæ×ÅÉú»îˮƽ²»¶ÏÌá¸ß£¬ÈËÃǸü¼Ó¹Ø×¢½¨Öþ¸øÅÅˮʩ¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¡£µ«½¨Öþ¸øÅÅˮʩ¹¤»·¾³±È½Ï¸´ÔÓ£¬Éæ¼°·³ËöµÄÊ©¹¤ÄÚÈÝ£¬Òò´ËÔö¼ÓÁ˽¨Öþ¸øÅÅˮʩ¹¤ÄѶȣ¬Ö»ÓпªÕ¹ÖÊÁ¿¿ØÖƹ¤×÷£¬²ÅÄÜÌá¸ß½¨Öþ¸øÅÅˮʩ¹¤µÄ°²È«ÐÔºÍÎȶ¨ÐÔ¡£Ê©¹¤µ¥Î»ÐèÒªÖØÊÓ½¨Öþ¸øÅÅˮʩ¹¤£¬×ۺϷÖÎö½¨ÖþÐÐÒµµÄ·¢Õ¹Ç÷ÊÆ£¬±£ÕϽ¨Öþ¾Óס»·¾³µÄÊæÊÊÐÔ¡£½¨Öþ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿¾ßÓÐϵͳÐÔÌØÕ÷£¬ÔÚʵ¼ÊÊ©¹¤ÖУ¬Ê©¹¤µ¥Î»Òª×¢ÖØ¿ØÖƽ¨Öþ¸øÅÅˮʩ¹¤ÖÊÁ¿£¬Ìá¸ßÕûÌåÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿£¬³ä·Ö·¢»Ó½¨Öþ¸øÅÅˮʩ¹¤ÏîÄ¿µÄ×÷Óã¬ÒÔÍƶ¯Õû¸ö½¨ÖþÐÐÒµµÄ¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹¡£

2½¨Öþ¸øÅÅˮʩ¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¿ØÖÆÎÊÌâ

2.1Ê©¹¤¹ý³Ì²»¿Æѧ

½¨Öþ¸øÅÅË®¹ÜµÀµÄ°²×°¹¤³Ì½ÏΪÅÓ´óÇÒ¸´ÔÓ£¬ÎÒ¹úÄ¿Ç°µÄÊ©¹¤¼¼ÊõÉÐδ³ÉÊ죬Õâ¾Í»á¸øÅÅË®¹ÜµÀµÄ°²×°ÈËÔ±Ôì³ÉÒ»¶¨µÄÀ§ÈÅ¡£Í¬Ê±Ê©¹¤µ¥Î»ÔÚÕÐƸÏà¹ØµÄ¹¤×÷ÈËԱʱ£¬²¢Îª¶ÔÆä½øÐÐÉϸÚÅàѵ£¬ÖÂʹ°²×°ÈËÔ±µÄ×ÛºÏËØÖÊˮƽ²Î²î²»Æ룬ȱ·¦Ïà¹ØµÄרҵ֪ʶ£¬Õâ¾Í»áÓ°Ï칤³ÌµÄ°²×°½ø¶È£¬µ¼ÖÂÅÅË®¹ÜµÀ¹¤³Ì³öÏÖÑÏÖصÄÖÊÁ¿ÎÊÌâ¡£ÓÉÓÚÏà¹ØµÄ¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±²¢Î´³ä·ÖµÄÂÄÐÐ×ÔÉíµÄ¹¤×÷Ö°ÄÜ£¬´ó²¿·Ö¹¤³Ì¶¼ÊÇÓÉÊ©¹¤ÈËÔ±×ÔÐÐÍê³É£¬Õâ¾Í»á½µµÍÊ©¹¤ÈËÔ±µÄÊ©¹¤Ð§¹û£¬ÔÚÅÅË®¹ÜµÀʵ¼ÊµÄÓ¦Óùý³ÌÖгöÏÖ©ˮµÄÏÖÏó¡£

2.2¹ÜµÀÉø©

¹ÜµÀÉø©ʱ½ÏΪ³£¼ûµÄ²¡º¦ÎÊÌâÖ®Ò»£¬Éø©ԭÒòÖ÷Òª¿ÉÒÔ·ÖΪÈý¸ö·½Ã棺1£©ËùʹÓõĸøÅÅË®¹ÜµÀ¹¤³Ì²ÄÁÏ´æÔÚ²»´ï±êÎÊÌ⣬ûÓа´ÕÕ¹¤³ÌÉè¼ÆµÄ¾ßÌåÒªÇóÕ¹¿ª²ÄÁÏÖÊÁ¿ÒÔ¼°¹æ¸ñÐͺŵȸ÷ÏîÄÚÈݵÄÑ¡Ôñ£¬´æÔڹܵÀÄ;ÃÐÔ²»×ãÒÔ¼°ÆäËû·½Ãæ×´¿ö£¬»áÔڹܵÀʹÓùý³ÌÖÐÔö¼ÓÉø©·çÏÕ;2£©¹ÜµÀ½ÓÍ·´æÔÚÖÊÁ¿²»ºÏ¸ñµÄ×´¿ö£¬»ò½ÓÍ·²¿·ÖµÄÊ©¹¤´æÔÚ²»ÑÏÃÜÎÊÌ⣬µ¼ÖÂÉøË®ÎÊÌâ³öÏÖ;3£©ÔÚÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖдæÔÚ²Ù×÷²»µ±µÄ×´¿ö£¬Ã»ÓÐÑϸñ°´ÕÕÊ©¹¤¹æ·¶ÒÔ¼°¹¤ÒÕÒªÇóÕ¹¿ªÊ©¹¤²Ù×÷£¬¿ÉÄÜ´æÔÚûÓжÔÅÅË®¹ÜµÀ½øÐÐÓÐЧ±£»¤»òÕßÔ¤Âñ´¦Àí´æÔÚ͵¹¤¼õÁϵȷ½ÃæµÄÎÊÌ⣬ûÓÐͨ¹ýÉèÖñ£»¤²ãµÄ·½Ê½¶Ô¹ÜµÀÐγɺÏÀíά»¤£¬µ¼Ö¹ܵÀÊܵ½ÆÆ»µ£¬½ø¶øÒý·¢ÉøË®×´¿ö¡£

2.3Ê©¹¤ÈËÔ±¼¼Êõ¹ÜÀíÎÊÌâ

¸ù¾ÝÎÒ¹úÏÖÐн¨ÖþÐÐÒµ±ê×¼£¬¸øÅÅË®¹ÜµÀÊ©¹¤¼ÈÁ¥ÊôÓÚ½¨ÖþÊ©¹¤¹¤³Ì£¬Í¬Ê±Æä×ÔÉíÔÚʵ¼ÊÊ©¹¤¹¤³ÌÖÐÒ²¾ß±¸Ò»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÉϵĶÀÁ¢ÐÔ£¬Ïà½ÏÓÚͨ³£ÒâÒåÉϵķ¿Îݽ¨ÖþÊ©¹¤¹¤³Ì£¬¸øÅÅË®¹ÜµÀ½¨É蹤³ÌרҵÐÔÓëÕë¶ÔÐÔ¸üÇ¿¡£µ«ÓÉÓÚÎÒ¹úÏÖ´ú»¯¸øÅÅË®¹ÜµÀÊ©¹¤Æð²½½ÏÍí£¬Ö÷Ҫʩ¹¤ÈËÔ±¶àÀ´×Ô½¨ÖþÊ©¹¤»ò·Àˮʩ¹¤ÐÐÒµ£¬Ïà¹Ø¹Ü²ÄרҵÀíÂÛÓëʵ¼ù¾­Ñé½ÏÉÙ£¬ÔÚʵ¼ù¹ý³ÌÖÐÄÑÒÔ¼æ¹Ë¸øÅÅË®¹ÜµÀµÄʵÓÃÓëÉóÃÀ¹¦ÄÜ£¬ÑÏÖØÓ°Ïì¹Ü²ÄÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¡£Í¬Ê±£¬ÔÚ·¿Îݽ¨ÖþÐÐÒµ¿ìËÙ·¢Õ¹ÓëвÄÁϽ¨²Ä²»¶ÏÎÊÊÀµÄ±³¾°Ï£¬¸øÅÅˮʩ¹¤¹ÜÀíµÄÐÐÒµ»úÖÆÌåÖÆÐγɽÏΪÖͺó£¬ÔÚÊг¡ÐèÒªÓëÀûÒæÒýµ¼µÄ×÷ÓÃÏ£¬²¿·ÖÊ©¹¤µ¥Î»³öÏÖ¡°×ê¿Õ×Ó¡±µÄÏÖÏó£¬ÔÚ¸øÅÅË®¹ÜµÀÊ©¹¤Öеġ°¶¹¸¯Ôü¹¤³Ì¡±²ã³ö²»ÇÊܵ½¹¤³ÌʹÓû·¾³µÄÓ°Ï죬ÒԹܵÀÉø©ΪÖ÷Òª±íÏÖµÄÖÊÁ¿ÎÊÌ⽫ÓÅÏÈ·¢ÉúÔÚ³±Êª¡¢·â±ÕµÄÎÀÉú¼äÓëµØÏÂÊÒÇøÓòÄÚ¡£

3½¨Öþ¸øÅÅˮʩ¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¿ØÖÆ´ëÊ©

3.1½¨Öþ¸øÅÅˮʩ¹¤µÄ×¼±¸¹¤×÷·ÖÎö

½¨Öþ¸øÅÅˮʩ¹¤µÄ¹ý³ÌÖжÔÓÚͼֽµÄÉè¼Æ¼°ÉóºË¹ý³ÌÓ¦ÓÈΪ¹Ø×¢£¬Í¬Ê±Ó¦½áºÏͼֽµÄÏêϸÄÚÈÝ£¬¸ßЧÕë¶ÔͼֽµÄ½â¶ÁÓë·ÖÎöÌáÉý½¨Öþ¸øÅÅˮϵͳʩ¹¤¹ý³ÌÖеÄÏà¹ØÀíÂÛÄÚÈÝ£¬½ø¶ø²¿ÊðºÃÊ©¹¤µÄ¸÷¸ö»·½Ú¡£ÓÉÓÚ½¨Öþ¸øÅÅˮʩ¹¤Ö÷ҪλÓÚµØϲ¿·Ö£¬Òò´ËÓ¦°´ÕÕͼֽÖеÄÄÚÈÝΪ»ù´¡½øÐÐÏêϸÐÔ·ÖÎö£¬°´ÕÕʵ¼Ê¹¤³Ì²ÎÊýµÄÐèÇ󣬷ÖÎö¹¤³ÌÖÐËùÄܹ»ÌåÏÖ³öµÄ°²È«ÐÔºÍ׼ȷÐÔ¡£Í¬Ê±½áºÏÊ©¹¤ÖÐËùÓõ½µÄÖØÐÍ»úеµÈ£¬¶ÔÊ©¹¤µÄÖܱ߻·¾³½øÐб£»¤£¬´Ó¶øÈ·±£½¨Öþ¹¤³Ì¸÷ÀàרҵӦÓü¼Êõ´ëÊ©¸ü¼ÓÍêÉÆ¡£

3.2½¨Öþ¸øÅÅË®¼¼Êõ·ÖÎö

¸øÅÅˮϵͳÊǽ¨Öþ¹¤³Ì½¨ÉèµÄÖص㣬ͬʱҲÊǽ¨Öþ¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤ÖеÄÖØÒª²½Ö裬ÆäÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖеÄÖ÷Òª¼¼ÊõÌصãΪ¹ÜÏßÔ¤Áô¡¢¹ÜµÀ°²×°¡¢ÊÔѹºÍ¹àË®¡¢¹ÜµÀÑø»¤¡¢¹ÜµÀÑøÉúºÍϵͳµ÷ÊԵȡ£¸øÅÅˮϵͳÖеļ¼ÊõÒªÇóºÍ¼¼Êõ²ÎÊýÓÐÖúÓÚ?µ½×îºóµÄÑéÊÕ½á¹û£¬Òò´Ë×ÜÌåµÄ¹¤³ÌÖÊÁ¿Ó¦ÒÔÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌΪ»ù´¡£¬ÏµÍ³»¯µ÷¿ØÊ©¹¤Í¼Ö½µÄÏà¹ØÄÚÈÝ£¬½ø¶ø½áºÏʵ¼Ê½¨ÖþÊ©¹¤¹¤×÷ÄÚÈÝ£¬¶ÔÕûÌåÐÔµÄÊ©¹¤¼¼ÊõÓ¦ÓýøÐзÖÎö£¬Õâ¶ÔÓÚÊ©¹¤ÍŶÓÀ´ËµÒ²ÊÇÒ»ÖÖ¿¼Ñé¡£

3.3ÍêÉƹ¤³Ì¹ÜÀí¹æ·¶

ÔÚ½¨Öþ¸øÅÅË®¹¤³ÌÖÐҪעÒâ²»¶ÏÍêÉƹÜÀí±ê×¼£¬»ý¼«¹¹½¨ÔðÈÎÖƶȣ¬ÔÚ¹ÜÀíÖмÓÇ¿Ê©¹¤¹ÜÀíģʽµÄÍêÉÆÓÅ»¯ºÍ´´Ð¡£ÔÚÔðÈÎÖƵȹÜÀíÖƶÈÏ£¬¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±²ÅÄÜÓÐÕ¿ÉÑ­£¬¿ÆѧºÏÀíµØ¼à¶½¼ì²é¸÷¸ö»·½ÚÊ©¹¤¹ý³Ì£¬¼à¿ØÊ©¹¤ÈËÔ±ÊÇ·ñÑϸñ×ñÊØÊ©¹¤¹æ·¶£¬ÓÐЧָµ¼¸÷¸ö»·½ÚÊ©¹¤ÒªÇ󹤳ÌÉè¼ÆÈËÔ±±ØÐë¶Ô½¨ÖþÊ©¹¤¹¤³ÌµÄ¾ßÌå»·¾³ÒÔ¼°Ìõ¼þ¡¢ÒªÇóÓÐÈ«ÃæµÄÈÏÖª¡£¾Í×ê¿×¹àע׮ʩ¹¤Æ·ÖʵİѿضøÑÔ£¬ÆäÖÐÒ»¸ö¹Ø¼üµÄÓ°ÏìÒªËؾÍÊÇÊ©¹¤ÈËÔ±£¬Ê©¹¤ÈËÔ±ÍùÍù»á¶Ô×îÖÕµÄÊ©¹¤Æ·ÖÊÓнÏΪ¹Ø¼üµÄÓ°Ï죬ËùÒÔÊ©¹¤µ¥Î»Òª³ä·ÖÖØÊÓÈËÔ±µÄ¹ÜÀí£¬³ï½¨ÓнϸßרҵËØÖʵÄÈËÔ±ÍŶӣ¬ÒÔ´ËÈ·±£Ê©¹¤Æ·ÖÊ¡£

3.4ºÏÀí½øÐйܲÄÑ¡ÔñÒÔ¼°¹ÜµÀÊ©¹¤

ÐÂÐ͵Ľ¨Öþ¸øÅÅË®²ÄÁÏ£¬°üÀ¨¾ÛÂÈÒÒÏ©ÀàÒÔ¼°¾ÛÒÒÏ©ÀàµÈ²ÄÁÏ£¬ÔÚ¾ßÌå½øÐйܲÄÑ¡Ôñ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬ÐèÒª¶Ô¹ú¼ÒÒÔ¼°µØ·½Ïà¹ØÕþ²ßºÍ±ê×¼½øÐзÖÎö£¬°´ÕÕ¹¤³ÌµÄÊ©¹¤ÐÔÖÊÒÔ¼°µØÇøÊ©¹¤ÕûÌå»·¾³µÈ¸÷ÏîÄÚÈÝ£¬È·¶¨×î¼ÑÊ©¹¤²ÄÁÏ¡£½øÐйܵÀ°²×°¹ý³ÌÖУ¬Ê×ÏÈÊ©¹¤ÈËÔ±ÐèÒª¶ÔÊ©¹¤¼¼Êõ²ÄÁÏÒÔ¼°Ê©¹¤Í¼Ö½µÈ¸÷ÏîÄÚÈÝÕ¹¿ª·ÖÎö£¬Õ¹¿ªÊ©¹¤²âÁ¿·ÅÏßÒÔ¼°¹µ²Û¿ªÍڵȸ÷Ïî²Ù×÷£¬ÅäºÏÍÁ½¨½øÐÐÔ¤ÂñÌú¼þÒÔ¼°Ô¤Áô¿×¶´µÄ´¦Àí£¬ÌáÇ°½øÐйܾ®ÒÔ¼°Ì׹ܵÈÔ¤Âñ¹¤×÷£¬×î´ó³Ì¶È¼õÉÙ¶ÔÓÚ½¨ÖþÎï½á¹¹µÄÆÆ»µ;Æä´ÎÕ¹¿ªÖ§¼Ü¡¢¹Ü¼þÖÆ×÷ºÍ°²×°£¬²¢ÔÚÍê³É°²×°Ö®ºó½øÐÐÉ豸Óë¹ÜµÀµÄÁ¬½Ó£¬¿Æѧչ¿ª¹ÜµÀÓë×Ô¿ØÒÇ±í°²×°²Ù×÷£¬Í¨¹ý½øÐÐÑϸñ¼ì²éµÄ·½Ê½£¬È·±£´æÔÚµÄÖÊÁ¿Òþ»¼ÎÊÌâÄܹ»µÃµ½¼°Ê±´¦Àí£¬²¢ÔÚÈ·¶¨ËùÓÐÊ©¹¤×¼È·ÎÞÎóÖ®ºó½øÐÐÊÔѹ²Ù×÷;×îºóÍê³ÉÊÔѹ²Ù×÷Ö®ºó£¬¶ÔÅÅË®É豸½øÐзÀ»¤ºÍÇåÏ´´¦Àí£¬¶ÔÕûÌ幤³ÌµÄÊ©¹¤Çé¿ö½øÐÐÑéÊÕ¡£

½áÊøÓï

ÔÚ½¨Öþ¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤ÖУ¬¸øÅÅˮʩ¹¤ÏîÄ¿·¢»Ó×ÅÖØÒªµÄ×÷Ó㬵«ÆäÔÚʵ¼ÊÊ©¹¤ÖдæÔÚ¸÷ÖÖÖÊÁ¿ÎÊÌâ¡£Òò´Ë£¬Ê©¹¤µ¥Î»ÐèÒª¼ÓÇ¿¿ØÖƽ¨Öþ¸øÅÅˮʩ¹¤ÖÊÁ¿£¬ÔÚ½¨Öþ¹¤³ÌÖгä·Ö·¢»Ó¸øÅÅˮϵͳµÄ×÷Ó㬴ӶøÌá¸ßÈËÃÇÉú»îµÄ±ãÀûÐÔ¡£

²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×

[1]Àî?.dzÎö·¿Îݽ¨Öþ¸øÅÅË®¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤ÖеÄͨ²¡¼°Æä·ÀÖÎ[J].ÏÖ´úÎïÒµ£¨ÖÐÑ®¿¯£©£¬2019£¨09£©£º240-241.

[2]ÕÔÐñ³õ.½¨Öþ¸øÅÅË®ÖÊÁ¿µÄͨ²¡¼°¿ØÖÆ´ëÊ©·ÖÎö[J].½¨²ÄÓë×°ÊΣ¬2019£¨16£©£º34-35.

[3]³ÂêØ.¸ß²ã½¨Öþ¸øË®ÅÅË®¹¤³ÌÉè¼Æ¼°Ê©¹¤¼¼Êõ·ÖÎö[J].½¨²ÄÓë×°ÊΣ¬2020£¨12£©£º79 80.