²â»æ¹¤³ÌÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀíÓë¿ØÖÆ

¡¾¹Ø¼ü´Ê¡¿²â»æ¹¤³Ì;ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀí;²â»æÖÊÁ¿;´ëÊ©·ÖÎö

ÒýÑÔ

²â»æÊÇÒ»ÏÔÓ¡¢Ï¸ÖµĹ¤×÷£¬Êܵ½µÄÓ°ÏìÒòËؽ϶࣬ËùÒÔÔÚ²â»æ¹¤³ÌÖУ¬»¹Ó¦Í¨¹ýÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀí£¬¶Ô²â»æ¹¤×÷½øÐÐÓÐЧ¿ØÖÆ£¬²»¶ÏÌá¸ß²â»æ¹¤³Ì¹ÜÀíˮƽ¡£Ä¿Ç°ÔÚ²â»æ¹¤×÷ÖУ¬ÈÔÈ»´æÔÚһЩÎÊÌ⣬¶Ô²â»æ½á¹û²úÉúÁ˲»ÀûÓ°Ï죬Ϊ´Ë»¹Ó¦¸ù¾Ýʵ¼ÊÇé¿ö£¬²ÉÈ¡¾ßÓÐÕë¶ÔÐÔµÄÖÊÁ¿¿ØÖÆ´ëÊ©£¬±£Ö¤²â»æ¹¤³ÌÄܹ»Õý³£Ë³ÀûµÄ½øÐУ¬´Ù½ø²â»æ¹¤³ÌÖÊÁ¿¿ØÖÆˮƽµÄÓÐЧÌáÉý¡£

1²â»æ¹¤³ÌÖÊÁ¿¹Ü¿Ø¸ÅÊö

ͨ¹ý²â»æÐÐÒµµ÷²é½á¹ûÏÔʾ£¬½üÄêÀ´£¬²â»æ¹¤³ÌºÏ¸ñÂÊÒѸßÓÚ90%¡£¸ù¾ÝÕâЩÊý¾Ý£¬¹úÄÚÔÚ²â»æ¹¤³Ì·½ÃæÈ¡µÃÁËÁ¼ºÃµÄЧ¹û¡£Ä¿Ç°½¨ÖþÐÐÒµÖð½¥Ôö¶à£¬¶Ô²â»æÐÐÒµ·Ç³£ÓÐÀû£¬Í¬Ê±ÈÎÎñÒ²Ô½À´Ô½¼è¾Þ£¬ÌôÕ½ÐԷdz£¸ß¡£ÒªÏëÈòâ»æÐÐҵǰ¾°¹âÃ÷£¬Ò»¶¨Òª¶ÔÔËӪЧÂʺͲâ»æÊÇÖ¸ÀûÓÃÏȽøµÄ¿Æѧ¼¼Êõ»ñÈ¡Ïà¹ØµÄµØÀíÐÅÏ¢£¬°üÀ¨µØÃæλÖᢵØÃæ¸ß³Ì¡¢µØÎï·Ö²¼µÈµÈ¡£²â»æ¹¤³ÌÖ÷Òª°üÀ¨Á½¸ö·½Ã棬һÊDzâÁ¿£¬¶þÊÇÖÆͼ£¬ÔÚ²â»æ¹¤³ÌÖУ¬ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀí¶ÔÕû¸ö²â»æ¹¤³ÌµÄ¿ªÕ¹¾ßÓÐÖ±½ÓµÄÓ°Ïì¡£ËùÒÔ»¹Ó¦½«ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀíÓë¿ØÖÆ×÷Ϊ²â»æ¹¤³ÌµÄºËÐÄÈÎÎñ£¬Í¨¹ý¼ÓÇ¿¹¤×÷ÕßµÄרҵËØÖÊ¡¢ÍêÉÆÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀíÌåϵÒÔ¼°½¨Á¢²â»æ¼à¹ÜÌåϵµÈÏà¹Ø´ëÊ©£¬²»¶ÏÌá¸ß²â»æ¹¤³ÌÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀíÓë¿ØÖÆˮƽ£¬³ä·Ö·¢»Ó²â»æ¹¤³ÌÔÚÎÒ¹úÉç»á·¢Õ¹¡¢¾­¼Ã½¨ÉèÒÔ¼°¹ú·À½¨ÉèµÄÖØÒª×÷Óá£

2²â»æ¹¤³ÌÖÊÁ¿¹Ü¿ØÏÖ×´

½üÄêÀ´£¬Ëæ×ÅÎÒ¹úÉç»á¾­¼ÃµÄ²»¶Ï·¢Õ¹£¬´Ù½øÁ˲â»æÊÂÒµµÄ²»¶Ï½ø²½£¬Ä¿Ç°²â»æ¹¤³ÌÒѾ­ÐγÉÁ˽ÏΪÍêÉƵÄÌåϵ£¬µ«ÊÇÔÚ¾ßÌåʵʩ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬ÈÔÈ»´æÔÚÐí¶àµÄÎÊÌâÓ°Ïì²â»æ¹¤³ÌµÄʵʩЧ¹û¡£¾ßÌå±íÏÖÔÚ²â»æÈËÔ±µÄרҵˮƽÓдýÌá¸ß£¬²â»æÈËԱδ×öºÃÇ°ÆÚµÄ×¼±¸¹¤×÷¡¢¶ÔÒÇÆ÷É豸ÔËÓò»µ±¡¢È±ÉÙÍêÉƵķ¨ÂÉ·¨¹æ¡¢²â»æ¼à¹ÜÁ¦¶È²»¹»µÈµÈ¡£ÒÔÉÏÄÚÈÝ£¬ÐèÒªÔÚ²â»æ¹¤³ÌʵʩÖУ¬¼ÓÒÔ½â¾ö¡£

3²â»æ¹¤³ÌÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀíÓë¿ØÖƲâ»æÖÊÁ¿´ëÊ©·ÖÎö

3.1×öºÃ²â»æ¹¤³ÌÇ°ÆÚ×¼±¸¹¤×÷

²â»æ¹¤³ÌÇ°ÆÚ×¼±¸¹¤×÷¶ÔÕû¸öºóÐø¹¤³ÌÖÊÁ¿¾ßÓÐÖ±½ÓÓ°Ïñ£¬ËùÒÔÔÚ²â»æ¹¤³ÌÖУ¬±ØÐëÖØÊÓ²â»æ¹¤³ÌÇ°ÆÚ×¼±¸¹¤×÷£¬ÎªºóÐø¹¤×÷µÄʵʩµì¶¨Á¼ºÃµÄ»ù´¡¡£²â»æ¹¤³ÌÇ°ÆÚ×¼±¸¹¤×÷ÐèÒª×öºÃÒÔϼ¸¸ö·½Ã棺һÊÇÒªÊÕ¼¯ÍêÕûµÄ×ÊÁÏ£¬°üÀ¨¼¼Êõ×ÊÁÏ¡¢¿ØÖƲâÁ¿ÒÔ¼°Ó°ÏñͼµÈµÈ;¶þÊÇÒªºÏÀíÈ·¶¨Ïà¹ØÒªËØ£¬°üÀ¨±ÈÀý³ß¡¢×ø±êϵͳÒÔ¼°¸ß³Ì»ù×¼µÈ£¬ÎªÁ˱£Ö¤Ïà¹ØÒªËØÈ·¶¨µÄºÏÀíÐÔ£¬Ó¦½«ÕÐͶ±êÎļþ¡¢¼¼ÊõÉè¼ÆÊéµÈ×÷ΪÖØÒªÒÀ¾Ý;ÈýÊÇͨ¹ýÎÀÐÇÒ£¸ÐÓ°Ïñ¡¢º½¿ÕÉãÓ°²âÁ¿µÈ»ñµÃ¸ü¶àµÄÓ°ÏñÐÅÏ¢£¬È·¶¨¹¤×÷µØͼ£¬±£Ö¤·ûºÏʵ¼ÊÇé¿ö¡£

3.2Ìá¸ß´ÓÒµÈËÔ±µÄרҵËØÑø

´ÓÒµÈËÔ±µÄרҵËØÑø¶Ô¹¤³Ì²â»æÒ²¾ßÓÐÖ±½ÓµÄÓ°Ïì¡£ËùÒÔ»¹Ó¦¼ÓÇ¿¶Ô´ÓÒµÈËÔ±µÄ½ÌÓýÅàѵ£¬²»¶ÏÌá¸ß´ÓÒµµÄרҵËØÑø£¬¼ÓÇ¿´ÓÒµÈËÔ±µÄרҵ¼¼ÄÜ£¬²¢Òýµ¼´ÓÒµÈËÔ±Ê÷Á¢³ÏʵÊØÐŵÄְҵ̬¶È£¬ÅàÑø´ÓÒµÈËÔ±Á¼ºÃµÄÖ°Òµ¾«Éñ¡£Îª´ËÏà¹Ø²â»æ²¿ÃÅÓ¦¼ÓÇ¿¶Ô²â»æרҵÈËÔ±¼¼ÄÜÅàѵ£¬×éÖ¯Ïà¹Ø¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±½øÐм¼Êõ½»Á÷£¬¶Ôʵ¼ù¹¤×÷ÖдæÔÚµÄÎÊÌâ½øÐзÖÎö£¬²¢¼ÓÒÔ½â¾ö£¬²»¶ÏÔöÇ¿´ÓÒµÈËÔ±µÄÖÊÁ¿Òâʶ¡£Óë´Ëͬʱ»¹Ó¦¼ÓÇ¿¶ÔÏà¹Ø²âÁ¿Ð¼¼Êõ¡¢Ð·½·¨ÒÔ¼°Ð¹¤ÒյIJ»¶ÏÐû´«ÒÔ¼°Íƹ㣬ʹµÃ´ÓÒµÈËÔ±Äܹ»ÕÆÎÕ¸÷ÖÖ²âÁ¿¼¼Êõ£¬²¢½«Æä¿Æѧ¡¢ºÏÀíµÄÔËÓÃÔÚ²â»æ¹¤³ÌÖУ¬²»¶ÏÌá¸ß²â»æ¹¤³ÌÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀíˮƽ¡£

3.3¼ÓÇ¿ÒÇÆ÷É豸µÄ¼ì²é

ÒÇÆ÷É豸ÊÇÓ°Ïì²â»æ¹¤³ÌµÄÖ÷ÒªÒòËØÖ®Ò»£¬ËùÒÔÔÚ²â»æ¹¤³ÌÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀí¹ý³ÌÖУ¬»¹Ó¦¼ÓÇ¿¶ÔÒÇÆ÷É豸µÄ¼ì²é£¬±£Ö¤ÒÇÆ÷É豸µÄ¾«Ãܶȣ¬±ÜÃâ²úÉú¹ý´óµÄ²âÁ¿Îó²î¡£ÔÚ²âÁ¿Ö®Ç°£¬Ó¦¸ù¾Ý¾ßÌåµÄ²âÁ¿Ä¿±ê£¬ºÏÀíµÄÑ¡ÔñÒÇÆ÷É豸£¬²¢È·¶¨ÏàÓ¦µÄ²ÎÊý£¬°üÀ¨ÒÇÆ÷É豸µÄÐͺš¢¾«¶ÈÒÔ¼°ÊýÁ¿µÈµÈ£¬°²ÅÅרҵµÄ¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±¶ÔÒÇÆ÷É豸½øÐмì²éÒÔ¼°µ÷Õû£¬±£Ö¤ÒÇÆ÷É豸¸÷¸ö²ÎÊý·ûºÏÒªÇó¡£È»ºó»¹Ó¦ºÏÀíÑ¡Ôñ²âÁ¿·½·¨£¬Âú×㹤³Ì²â»æµÄÒªÇó¡£ÁíÍâ¶ÔÓÚһЩÒÇÆ÷É豸£¬»¹Ó¦½øÐж¨ÆÚά»¤ºÍ±£Ñø£¬±ÜÃâÒÇÆ÷É豸³öÏÖÀÏ»¯ÎÊÌ⣬ÑÓ³¤ÒÇÆ÷É豸µÄʹÓÃÊÙÃü¡£

3.4½¨Á¢ÍêÉƵÄÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀíÌåϵ

ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀíÌåϵÊDzâ»æ¹¤³Ì˳Àû¿ªÕ¹µÄÖØÒª±£ÕÏ¡£ËùÒÔ»¹Ó¦¸ù¾Ý²â»æ¹¤³ÌµÄʵ¼ÊÇé¿ö£¬½¨Á¢ÍêÉƵÄÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀíÌåϵ£¬Ê¹µÃ²â»æ¹¤×÷¸ü¼ÓµÄ¹æ·¶ÒÔ¼°¿Æѧ¡£Ê×ÏȲâ»æµ¥Î»Ó¦¼ÓÇ¿ÓëÉϼ¶Ö÷¹Ü²¿ÃŵÄÁªÏµ£¬ÈÏÕæ¹á³¹¹ú¼ÒÖƶ¨µÄ²âÁ¿¹æ·¶ÒÔ¼°±ê×¼£¬±£Ö¤²â»æ¹¤³ÌÂú×ãʵ¼ÊÒªÇó¡£Æä´ÎÓ¦ÖØÊÓ¹¤³Ì¿ª¹¤¸´²â£¬²¢¶Ô¸´²â³É¹û½øÐбàÖÆÖ¸µ¼£¬µÃ³ö½áÂÛºóÓɹ«Ë¾²âÁ¿¶Ó½øÐи´ºËÇ©ÈÏ£¬²¢ÇÒÓÉ×ܹ¤³ÌʦÉóÅú£¬×îºó½øÐд浵¡£Í¬Ê±»¹Ó¦¼ÓÇ¿ÈÕ³£¼¼ÊõÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀí¹¤×÷£¬°üÀ¨±àÖÆÄê¶ÈÖÊÁ¿¼Æ»®¡¢±àÖÆÖÊÁ¿ÎļþµÈµÈ£¬»¹Ó¦ÉîÈ뵽ʩ¹¤ÏÖ³¡£¬¶ÔÕû¸ö×÷Òµ½øÐмල¼ì²é£¬Íê³ÉÄÚ²¿ÖÊÁ¿ÉóºË¹¤×÷¡£¸÷¼¶ÖÊÁ¿ÈËÔ±Ó¦¶ÔËù¼ì²éµÄ²úÆ·½øÐиºÔ𣬶ԲúÆ·½øÐÐÈÏÕæµÄ¼ì²é£¬Èç¹ûÒ»µ©¼ì²é³öÓÐÖÊÁ¿ÎÊÌ⣬Ôò¿ÉÒÔ½øÐзñ¾ö£¬Í¨ÖªÏà¹Ø¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±¼°Ê±µÄ½øÐÐÕû¸Ä£¬±£Ö¤²úÆ··ûºÏÒªÇó¡£

3.5ÌáÉý²â»æÊý¾Ý¼ì²é¹¤×÷

Êý¾Ý¼ì²éÖ÷Òª°üÀ¨ÒÔÏÂÄÚÈÝ£º£¨1£©Í¼ÏñÊý¾Ý¼ì²é¡£ÔÚÏîÄ¿¹¤³Ìʵʩ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬ÓÉÓÚ¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±µÄ²Ù×÷²»µ±ÒÔ¼°É豸×ÔÉíµÄÎÊÌ⣬ÔÚ²âÁ¿Ê±Êý¾Ý¾Í»á³öÏÖÆ«²î£¬µ¼Ö¹¤×÷²»ÄÜ˳Àû½øÐС£Õâ¾ÍÒªÇó¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±Ò»¶¨ÒªÈÏÕ湤×÷£¬×¥×¡Ã¿¸öϸ½Ú£¬°ìÖ¤¹¤×÷Äܹý˳Àû½øÐУ¬²»Ó°ÏìºóÐø¹¤×÷¡££¨2£©Êý¾ÝÍêÕûÐÔ¼ì²é¡£Èí¼þ²îÒìÔڼǼµ÷²éÊý¾Ýʱ¿ÉÄܻᵼÖÂһЩ´íÎó»òÎó²î¡£µ±Ç°Èí¼þÖÖÀà½Ï¶à£¬Ê¹Óò»Í¬µÄÈí¼þ½øÐмì²é£¬ÆäÊý¾Ý»á²úÉú¼æÈÝÅų⣬²»ÄÜÓÐЧ¶ÔÊý¾Ý½øÐд¦Àí¡£½â¾öÕâÖÖ²»¼æÈÝÎÊÌâÒ»¶¨Òª¾ßÌå·ÖÎö£¬±£Ö¤ÔÚ´«ÊäÊý¾ÝʱÄܹ»Ë³Àû½øÐУ¬Ê¹ÓöÔÓ¦µÄ±àÂë½øÐÐÊý¾Ý´«Êä¡££¨3£©ÍØÆ˼ì²é¡£Ò»¸öÏîÄ¿µÄ²â»æ¹¤×÷±È½Ï·±ÔÓ£¬Íê³ÉÒ»¸ö²âÊÔÊÇÓɶà¸ö²âÁ¿ÍŶӺÏ×÷Íê³ÉµÄ¡£Ê¹Óöà¸öÈí¼þ²â»æÊDzîÒìµÄ´æÔÚÊDz»¿É±ÜÃâµÄ¡£Ë³ÀûÍê³ÉÐ蹤×÷ÈËÔ±¶¨ÆÚ½øÐÐÍØÆ˽ṹµÄ¼ì²é£¬Ö»ÓÐÕâÑù²ÅÄÜÔÚÎÊÌâ·¢Éú֮ǰÓÐЧµÄÕÒµ½ÎÊÌâËùÔÚ£¬²¢¼°Ê±½øÐÐÐ޸ģ¬Ìá¸ß¹¤³ÌÖÊÁ¿¡£

3.6²»¶Ï¼ÓÇ¿¼ì²éÑéÊÕ¹¤×÷

ÔÚʵ¼ÊÉú²ú¹ý³ÌÖУ¬Ã¿¸öÏîÄ¿¶¼ÒªÍ¨¹ý¸÷¼¶²¿ÃŵÄЭͬºÏ×÷£¬½øÐÐÈ«·½Î»µÄ¼à¶½¹¤×÷£¬±£Ö¤²â»æ¹¤³ÌµÄÖÊÁ¿¡£Íê³ÉÒ°Íâ×÷ÒµºÍÄÚÒµÕûÀí¹¤Ðòºó£¬ÔÚÌá½»Õýʽ³É¹ûÇ°£¬Îñ±Ø½øÐмì²é¹¤×÷¡£ÔÚÌá½»³É¹ûºó£¬Óɼ׷½»ò¼àÀíµÈ²¿ÃŽøÐÐÑéÊÕ¡£²â»æ¹¤³ÌÓйعÜÀí²¿ÃűØÐë°´Õռȶ¨µÄÑéÊÕ±ê×¼½øÐÐÑéÊÕ¹¤×÷¡£

4×ܽá

²â»æ¹¤³Ì¶ÔÏîÄ¿½¨Éè¾ßÓÐÖØÒªÓ°Ï죬ËüÄܹ»Íƶ¯ÎÒ¹ú¾­¼ÃµÄ·¢Õ¹£¬´Ù½øÎÒ¹úÉç»áµÄ²»¶Ï½ø²½¡£ËùÒÔÓ¦ÖØÊÓ²â»æ¹¤×÷µÄʵʩ£¬¼ÓÇ¿¶Ô²â»æ¹¤³ÌµÄÖÊÁ¿¹Ü¿Ø£¬´Ù½øÎÒ¹ú²â»æ¹¤³ÌÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀíˮƽµÄÌáÉý¡£²â»æ¹¤³ÌÊܵ½µÄÓ°ÏìÒòËؽ϶࣬ËùÒÔÔÚ²â»æ¹¤³ÌÖУ¬»¹Ó¦¼ÓÇ¿¶Ô²â»æ¹¤³ÌÓ°ÏìÒòËصÄÉîÈë·ÖÎö£¬Í¨¹ý²â»æ¹¤³Ì?Á¿¹ÜÀí´ëÊ©£¬²»¶ÏÌá¸ß²â»æ¹¤³Ì¹ÜÀíˮƽ£¬±£Ö¤²â»æ¹¤³ÌÄܹ»Õý³£Ë³ÀûµÄ½øÐУ¬ÊµÏÖÎÒ¹ú²â»æ¹¤³ÌµÄ²»¶Ï·¢Õ¹£¬Õâ¶Ô´Ù½øÎÒ¹úÏà¹ØÐÐÒµµÄ·¢Õ¹Ò²¾ßÓÐÖØÒªÒâÒå¡£²â»æ¹¤³Ì¼¼ÊõÔ½À´Ô½ÍêÉÆ£¬ÔÚÈ«¹úÐí¶àÁìÓòÓ¦ÓÃÔ½À´Ô½¶à£¬ÔÚÎÒ¹ú½¨É蹤³ÌÖз¢»ÓÖØ´ó×÷Óá£Ä¿Ç°ÎÒ¹ú¶Ô¿Æ¼¼ÁìÓò½øÐÐÍ»·ÉÃͽøµÄ·¢Õ¹£¬Ðµļ¼Êõ¶àÓ¦Óõ½Á˲â»æÐÐÒµµ±ÖУ¬Õâʹ²â»æ¹¤×÷Ó­À´ÁËеij¯Ñô£¬½øÐвâ»æʱ»á¸ü¼Ó׼ȷ£¬¸ü¼ÓºÏÀí¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÔÚ¹¤³Ì½¨Éèʱ£¬ÀûÓÃеĿÆѧ¼¼Êõ½â¾ö²â»æʱÓöµ½µÄÎÊÌ⣬²¢ÕÒµ½ÎÊÌâ¸ùÔ´£¬´Ó¸ùÔ´ÉϽâ¾öÎÊÌ⣬±£Ö¤¹¤³ÌÖÊÁ¿µÄͬʱ½µµÍÏû·Ñ³É±¾¡£ÌáÉý²â»æ¼¼ÄÜ£¬Ê¹ÆóÒµÌá¸ß¹¤³ÌÖÊÁ¿£¬²¢Ê¹²â»æ¹¤×÷ÔÚÏîÄ¿ÖÐÎȲ½·¢Õ¹¡£

²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×£º

[1]Çú½¿æã¬ÕŶ¬ÑÒ.dz̸²â»æ¹¤³Ì³£¼ûÎÊÌâ¼°½â¾ö´ëÊ©[J].ÖлªÃñ¾Ó£¨ÏÂÑ®¿¯£©£¬2014£¨03£©.

[2]º«Ôó.²â»æ¹¤³ÌÖеÄÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀíÓë¿ØÖÆ[J].ÖÐÍâÆóÒµ¼Ò£¬2014£¨15£©.

[3]×Þ¼ªÏ飬Õűö.ÏÖ´ú²â»æ¹¤³Ì³£¼ûÎÊÌâµÄ¼¸µã½â¾ö½¨Òé[J].Öйú¿Æ¼¼Í¶×Ê£¬2013£¨Z2£©.

[4]ÕÔìǷ棬ÕÔÔªî£.²â»æм¼ÊõÔÚ²â»æ¹¤³Ì²âÁ¿ÖеÄÓ¦ÓÃ[J].¹¤³Ì¼¼ÊõÑо¿£¬2018£¨12£©£º240-241.

[5]Å˺ì.²â»æм¼ÊõÔÚ²â»æ¹¤³Ì²âÁ¿ÖеÄÓ¦Ó÷ÖÎö[J].סլÓë·¿µØ²ú£¬2018£¨33£©£º193.

[6]Åí³Éɽ.ÏÖ´ú²â»æ¹¤³Ì¼¼Êõ¼°Æä·¢Õ¹Ç÷ÊÆ·ÖÎö[J].סլÓë·¿µØ²ú£¬2018£¨33£©£º194.